Date: April 30, 2024 Tue

Time: 3:58 am

Results for prostitution

262 results found

Author: Alberta (Canada). Children's Services Title: Protection of Children Involved in Prostitution: Protective Safe House Review Summary: A review of the Protection of Children Involved in Prostitution (PChIP) Act's protective safe houses program in Alberta, Canada. Details: Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Children's Services, 2004 Source: Year: 2004 Country: Canada URL: Shelf Number: 116542 Keywords: Juveniles Prostitution Safe Houses

Author: New Zealand. Prostitution Law Review Committee Title: Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act, 2003 Summary: The New Zealand Prostitution Act (PRA) and the follow-up study examines the impacts of decriminalization of sex workers' rights and safety. The purpose of the PRA was to decriminalize prostitution, create a framework to safeguard the human rights of sex workers and protect them from exploitation, promote the welfare and occupational health and safety of sex workers, contribute to public health, and prohibit the use in prostitution of persons under 18 years of age. Findings of the report show that there has been no rise in numbers of women working in sex work. It also shows that sex workers are now more likely to report incidents of violence to the police and other agencies, and that some police officers have gone out of their way to work with the sex industry. Details: Wellington: Ministry of Justice, 2008 Source: Year: 2008 Country: New Zealand URL: Shelf Number: 117149 Keywords: Decriminalization Prostitution

Author: Ditmore, Melissa Title: Kicking Down the Door: The Use of Raids to Fight Trafficking in Persons Summary: This report summarizes the findings of a human rights documentation project to explore the impacts and effectiveness of current anti-trafficking approaches in the United States from a variety of perspectives. The data collected suggests that vice raids conducted by local law enforcement agencies are in ineffective means of locating and identifying trafficked persons. The research also reveals that vice raids and federal anti-trafficking raids are all too frequently accompanied by violations of human rights of trafficked persons and sex workers alike, and can therefore be counterproductive to the underlying goals of anti-trafficking initiatives. Details: New York: Sex Workers Project, Urban Justice Center, 2009. 74p. Source: Accessed April 17, 2018 at: http://sexworkersproject.org/downloads/swp-2009-raids-and-trafficking-report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://sexworkersproject.org/downloads/swp-2009-raids-and-trafficking-report.pdf Shelf Number: 117114 Keywords: Human Trafficking Law Enforcement Police Behavior Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Images Asia Title: Migrating with Hope: Burmese Women Working in Thailand and the Sex Industry Summary: This report attempts to present and highlight the needs, interests, and realities of undocumented migrant women from Burma working as sex-workers in Thailand. The final conclusions and recommendations suggest ways in which the governments in the region can adapt policy and legislate for better protection of undocumented migrant laborers, particularly Burmese sex workers. Details: Muang Chiangmai, Thailand: Images Asia, 1997 Source: Year: 1997 Country: Thailand URL: Shelf Number: 115681 Keywords: Burma Females Migrants Prostitution

Author: Mossman, Elaine Title: Key Informant Interviews: Review of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 Summary: This report was commissioned to provide information for the review of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 by analyzing data collected during interviews with brothel operators and Non-Governmental Organizations. Details: Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Justice, 2007 Source: Crime and Justice Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington Year: 2007 Country: New Zealand URL: Shelf Number: 115791 Keywords: Criminal Law Reform Law and Legislation Prostitution

Author: Crago, Anna-Louise Title: Our Lives Matter: Sex Workers Unite for Health and Rights Summary: This report highlights the innovative contributions of eight groups from very different countries: Durjoy Nari Shongho in Bangladesh, Humanitarian Action in Russia, Stella in Canada, Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee (DMSC) in India, Sex Workers Project of the Urban Justice Center in the United States, Odyseus in Slovakia, Davida in Brazil, and Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT) in South Africa. Details: New York: Open Society Institute, 2008 Source: Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 115193 Keywords: Law and Legislation Prostitution

Author: Asia Foundation Title: Incidence of Trafficking in Persons and Prostitution at Mine Sites in Mongolia Summary: This report examines the incidence of prostitution and human trafficking at mine sites across Mongolia. It includes surveys with 300 community members at eight sites, both soum and bagh centers and mine sites, as well as surveys of 16 sex workers at six mine sites. Interviews were conducted from July 20 to July 30, 2008 by teams organized by the Population Teaching and Research Center (PTRC). The objective of this report is to build upon existing studies of human trafficking, including two studies conducted by The Asia Foundation on trafficking risks and combating trafficking in Mongolia. The survey is unique in its focus on the mining sector in Mongolia. Details: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Asia Foundation, 2008 Source: Year: 2008 Country: Mongolia URL: Shelf Number: 114896 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution

Author: Arnott, Jayne Title: Rights Not Rescue: A Report on Female, Male, and Trans Sex Workers' Human Rights in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa Summary: This study deployed qualitative methodologies to produce a rich data set illustrating the complexities of the issues confronted by sex workers in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. Researchers held focus groups in order to engage respondents in joint discussion regarding their working conditions and experiences before moving into collecting more in-depth information related to health and rights. Upon completion of the research, the proposed findings and recommendations were presented to a focus group of study participants. Their suggestions helped to refine and prioritize the recommendations. Details: New York: Open Society Institute, 2009 Source: Open Society Institute Public Health Program Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 115745 Keywords: Botswana Human Rights Namibia Prostitution South Africa

Author: Zhou, Hui Title: 'One Victim of Trafficking Is One Too Many': Counting the Human Cost of Trafficking, Cases of Trafficking in Australia Summary: Project Respect spent 6 weeks researching and documenting cases of human trafficking in Australia. This report refers to approximately 300 cases cases of victims of trafficking documented during this time. Some of the cases documented are based on cases Project Respect had already gathered in 5 years working with women in the sex industry. Other cases were obtained from other sources for the specific purpose of this documentation project. Project Respect circulated a letter and survey form widely in Australia seeking information for this documentation project. Details: Victoria, Australia: Project Respect, Inc., 2004 Source: Year: 2004 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 116670 Keywords: Forced labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Victoria. Office of Police Integrity Title: Risk Mitigation in High-Risk Environments: Street Sex Workers Summary: This discussion paper examines one facet of the 'Areas of Operational Emphasis' of the Office of Police Integrity for the period 30 June 2008 until 1 July 2009. The focus of this project was the identification of systemic policing risks associated with policing illegal aspects of the sex industry. It concluded with the recommendation for the development of standards, in concert with Victoria Police, to guide police officers officially interacting with street sex workers. The paper draws from case studies where deficits in appropriate and rigorous management, work practices, and ethical decision-making have contributed to police corruption, risk to organizational reputation and to human rights violations between police officers and sex workers. Details: Melbourne: Office of Police Integrity, 2008. 44p. Source: Internet Resource; OPI Discussion Paper no. 1 Year: 2008 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 117580 Keywords: Police Ethics Police Misconduct Prostitution

Author: Skilbrei, May-Len Title: Facing Return: Perceptions of Repatriation among Nigerian Women in Prostitution in Norway Summary: This report explores the prospects and needs of Nigerian women in prostitution in Norway with regard to voluntary return or deportation to Nigeria. Details: Oslo: Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies, 2007. 89p. Source: Fafo-report 555 Year: 2007 Country: Norway URL: Shelf Number: 116513 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution

Author: Englund, Cecilia Title: The Organisation of Human Trafficking: A Study of Criminal Involvement in Sexual Exploitation in Sweden, Finland and Estonia Summary: Trafficking in human beings for sexual purposes has attracted great attention in recent years. Many activities have been initiated to combat such global trafficking. However, some areas may have been neglected, in particular the situation with regard to criminal activity. This report sheds light on this aspect, as its aim is to describe trafficking in human beings for a sexual purpose with a focus on the organisation of the criminal networks involved. The study in Sweden, Finland and Estonia This report is based on a study carried out in 2007-2008 in three countries on the Baltic Sea: Sweden, Finland and Estonia. The aim of the study was to examine the organisation and structures of criminal networks involved in human trafficking for sexual purposes and the conditions and factors of the market and the trade in Sweden, Finland and Estonia. Further, the process of trafficking was studied, from recruitment in the country of origin, to the transporting of women and girls to the country of destination, where procuring has taken place. This study has been carried out by the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention together with the European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (HEUNI) and the Institute of Law at Tartu University in Estonia. Details: Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, 2008. 192p. Source: Report 2008:21: Accessed Dec. 10, 2018 at: https://www.bra.se/download/18.cba82f7130f475a2f1800023448/1371914733517/2008_21_human_trafficking.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Europe URL: https://www.bra.se/download/18.cba82f7130f475a2f1800023448/1371914733517/2008_21_human_trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 113237 Keywords: Criminal Networks Human Trafficking (Finland, Sweden, Finland) Organized Crime Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Priebe, Alexandra Title: Hidden in Plain View: The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Girls in Atlanta Summary: This report was prepared in response to heightened awareness and concern about the commercial sexual exploitation of children, the commercial sex industry, and trafficking of young women and girls into Atlanta for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The report addresses the commercial sexual exploitation of girls by: providing analysis of the populations at risk and trends across the city; exploring the demographic and geographic characteristics of the girls being commercially sexually exploited; mapping the geographic distribution of commercial sex hot spots; describing the social and health services provided to sexually exploited girls; and describing the statutory response to the sexual exploitation of girls. Details: Atlanta, GA: Atlanta Women's Agenda, 2005. 67p. Source: Year: 2005 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118083 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation (Atlanta, Georgia)

Author: Gould, Chandre Title: Selling Sex in Cape Town: Sex Work and Human Trafficking in a South African City Summary: This report examines the sex work industry in South Africa and the evidence for human trafficking into the industry. Details: Pretoria/Tshwane, South AfricA: Institute for Security Studies, 2008. 205p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: South Africa URL: Shelf Number: 110887 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking

Author: Johnson, Afrooz Kaviani Title: Mind the Gaps: A Comparative Analysis of ASEAN Legal Responses to Child-Sex Tourism Summary: This report summarizes relevant laws and policy instruments relating to child-sex tourism in the ten South East Asian Countries - Brunei Darussalam, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. It is intended to assist national action and enable regional comparisons to enhance the legal response to this crime. Details: South Melbourne, AUS: Child Wise, 2009. 51p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Asia URL: Shelf Number: 116511 Keywords: Child-Sex Tourism Human Trafficking Prostitution

Author: Mossman, Elaine Title: International Approaches to Decriminalising or Legalising Prostitution Summary: This report examines international legalized and decriminalized models of prostitution law reform. The study found that there has been a significant shift away from prohibition, towards legalization and decriminalization. However, confusion exists over the main legislative approaches to prostitution in different jurisdictions. Details: Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Justice, 2007. 42p. Source: Crime and Justice Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington Year: 2007 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 116388 Keywords: Prostitution Prostitution (Government Policy)

Author: Ward, K.T. Title: In Pieces: A Review of Prostitution, Community Safety Issues and Good Practice Summary: This report highlights key community safety issues raised locally and nationally in relation to prostitution and identifies areas of good practice that can inform the Ipswich Street Prostitution Strategy and action plan. Additionally a review of press coverage during the critical period of the murders of 5 local women who worked as prostitutes in Ipswich was undertaken focusing on how the events of the murders unfolded and were reported by the media. Details: Ipswich, UK: Ipswich Community Safety Partnership, 2007. 144p. Source: Available at the Rutgers Criminal Justice Library Year: 2007 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 117094 Keywords: Homicide Media Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: International Labour Office Title: Cambodia's "Beer Promotion Girls": Their Recruitment, Working Conditions and Vulnerabilities Summary: This survey is part of a series of studies into recruitment practices and working conditions in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) of children and young women in sectors vulnerable to human trafficking, and the associated and inherent sexual and labour exploitation. With the increasing sophistication of consumer marketing, the alcohol and beverage industries in Cambodia and other GMS countries have found new ways to advertise their competing products through the employment of beer promotion girls - attractive young women dressed in the colors and logos of their sponsors. This report take san in-depth look at both the personal and working lives of these young women. Details: Geneva: ILO, 2006. 116p. Source: The Mekong Challenge; Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: Cambodia URL: Shelf Number: 117642 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Sharma, Bhavna Title: Contemporary Forms of Slavery in Peru Summary: This report provides information and analysis in relation to slavery practices in Peru, with a particular focus on forced labor in the Amazon, domestic work, trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation, and children working in mines. Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2006. 20p. Source: Year: 2006 Country: Peru URL: Shelf Number: 118403 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Forced labor (Peru) Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Kaye, Mike Title: Contemporary Forms of Slavery in Uruguay Summary: This report provides information and analysis in relation to slavery practices in Uruguay, with a particular focus on the commerical sexual exploitation of children, the worst forms of child labor, and trafficking of people. Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2006. 11p. Source: Year: 2006 Country: Uruguay URL: Shelf Number: 118404 Keywords: Child Labor Child Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking (Uruguay) Prostitution

Author: Bashford, Peter Title: A Sense of Direction: The Trafficking of Women and Children from Nepal Summary: With a growing awareness that beliefs, attitudes and the popular stance on trafficking of women and children from Nepal were second-hand, outdated and partisan, played down by government and overblown by others, the trustees of Asha-Nepal decided they needed a first-hand, current and thoroughly researched report. This report is based on meetings with Nepali non-governmental organisations (NGOs), international NGOs (INGOs), government departments, victims of trafficking and other stakeholders, plus field studies, all carried out in Nepal and India during Oct-Dec 2005. In addition, material has been gathered from reports by stakeholders published during 2005, further communications with NGOs and INGOs involved in counter-trafficking in SE Asia postfield visit, and other relevant reports. We originally planned to issue this report in March 2006 due to the volatile political situation at that time, we held the report back. Now that democracy has been restored, we are optimistic that the findings and recommendations herein may reach a more receptive audience and help inform policy changes within government as well as the wider NGO and NGO community. The brief was not to go over old ground but to look at the current situation and key causes for the continuation of trafficking of women and children from Nepal. Prior to the field trip the following areas were identified as key to the research project: - The reasons behind trafficking and key target groups - The cause of re-trafficking and what happens to rescued and returned women and children - The problems of transition from institutionalisation into meaningful employment and a place in the wider community - Human rights abuse (state, community, institutional, international) - Awareness campaigning and furthering international awareness Within the first two weeks of work in the field it was recognised that the scope was too restrictive and that major concerns in additional areas needed to be included to create relevant recommendations. These were: - Correct application of law - Networking and cooperation between NGOs and the responsibilities of INGOs and international donor organisations The proposed outline of the report comprised: - An outline of each of the main problem areas listed above - Statistical evidence gained from all parties interviewed and/or submitted from relevant parties (statistics to be included only if produced within the previous twelve month period) - Case studies covering the five key areas, along with testimonials from trafficked women and children covering trafficking, induction, conditions of brothels, rescue, repatriation and life and problems after rescue/return - A bibliography of published works and unpublished works relevant to the current situation and past works recognised as of importance to the background of trafficking in the region - Key organisations and how to contact them After completion of the field trip, we included the following additional material: - Details on the Nutt/Badi situation - The need for improved networking - HIV/Aids Details: Olney, UK: Asha-Nepal, 2006. Source: Accessed April 13, 2018 at: https://childhub.org/en/system/tdf/library/attachments/ashan250806.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=17605 Year: 2006 Country: Nepal URL: https://childhub.org/en/system/tdf/library/attachments/ashan250806.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=17605 Shelf Number: 117326 Keywords: Child Trafficking (Nepal) Human Trafficking (Nepal) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation (Nepal)

Author: Kyckelhahn, Tracey Title: Characteristics of Suspected Human Trafficking Incidents, 2007-08 Summary: The Human Trafficking Reporting System (HTRS) was developed in 2007 to collect data on alleged human trafficking incidents from state and local law enforcement agencies. This report presents data as of September 30, 2008 on incidents, suspects, and victim characteristics from 38 human trafficking task forces. Incident data include the number of suspects and victims, number of agencies involved in the incident, confirmation of incident as human trafficking, and type of lead agency. Victim data include demographic characteristics such as age, race, gender, and citizenship status. In addition to demographic characteristics, suspect data include available arrest, adjudication, and sentencing information. The report covers incidents reported by task forces from January 1, 2007, to September 30, 2008. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009. 16p. Source: Special Report, January 2009 Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118351 Keywords: Crime Statistics Human Trafficking Prostitution Victimization

Author: Farley, Melissa Title: Men Who Buy Sex: Who They Buy and What They Know Summary: A sample of 103 men in London, England, who used trafficked and non-trafficked women in prostitution were asked about their experiences and awareness of the sex industry. Almost all (96%) bought sex indoors. Many reported that they were aware of pimping, trafficking and other coercive control over those in massage parlor, brothel, and escort prostitution. These men were frequently aware of the vulnerability and risk factors for entry into prostitution including childhood abuse, lack of alternative job choices, coercive control and homelessness. The men listed effective deterrents to buying sex which included time in prison, public exposure and being issued a Anti-Social Behaviour Order. They described their ambivalence about buying sex and their ambivalence about the nature of their relationships with women. Details: London: EAVES; San Francisco: Prostitution Research & Education, 2009. 32p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 117575 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Offenses Sex Trafficking Sexual Violence

Author: Hancilova, Blanka Title: Legislation and the Situation Concerning Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation in EU Member States Summary: This report explores how EU Member States' legislation and policies on trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation and other relevant areas such as prostitution, immigration and labor influence the situation concerning trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It provides the European Commission and the EU Member States with information on how to improve their future legal and programmatic actions in this area. Details: Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2009. 286p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 117790 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Gaber, Milica Antic, ed. Title: Violence in the EU Examined: Policies on Violence Against Women, Children and Youth in 2004 EU Accession Countries Summary: This report presents the results of a 2-year project conducted by a research team of 10 partner organizations from 10 countries that accessed the EU in 2004. Papers in the report all address the issue of violence against women, children and youth from different theoretical perspectives and analyzed using different methodological approaches. Some of the issues discussed include : sexual harassment; trafficking in persons; sexual exploitation in prostitution and pornography; children as victims of violence in the family; mail-order brides; and labor exploitation. Details: Ljubljana: University of Ljuljana, Faculty of Arts, 2009. 199p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 118683 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Mail-Order Brides Pornography Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Sexual Harassment Violence Against Women

Author: Dibb, Rebecca Title: Substance Use and Health Related Needs of Migrant Sex Workers and Women Trafficked into Sexual Exploitation in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and the City of London Summary: This study aims to establish the incidence of trafficking of women and girls into sexual exploitation in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and the City of London; and to identify the countries that they come from and the routes used to traffic them into the UK. The study seeks to identify and nature and extent of safety, substance use and health related needs of trafficked and migrant women working in the sex industry. Details: London: The Salvation Army, Research and Development Unit, 2006. 114p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119224 Keywords: Health Care, Prostitutes Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Workers - Prostitutes Sexual Exploitation Substance Abuse

Author: Stephen-Smith, Saray Title: Routes In, Routes Out: Quantifying the Gendered Experience of Trafficking to the UK Summary: In April 2004 the POPPY Project published ‘When Women Are Trafficked’. This report provided an outline of the experiences of 26 women trafficked into the UK and subsequently supported by the POPPY Project between March 2003 and March 2004 and was the first report of its kind to be published in the U.K. Since then, research based on case studies of trafficking victims has been lacking from discussions on how to tackle human trafficking in the UK, as identified in 2007 in the UK Action Plan on Tackling Human Trafficking. This report responds to this need for more detailed research data, providing valuable information about the types of experiences women trafficked into the UK had prior to, during and after escaping their trafficking situation. Details: London: The POPPY Project, Eaves Housing for Women, 2008. 34p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 116473 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Great Britain. Government Equalities Office Title: Women Not for Sale: A Report on Advertising Women in Small Ads in Local Newspapers Summary: The Central Office of Information (COI) was asked to assess the scale and nature of the advertising of women, and services supplied by women, by: reviewing ‘Personal Services’ classifieds from a snapshot sample of regional publications across the country; analysing the data gathered to identify where these advertisements are most likely to appear (in terms of region, publisher and type of (publication); and assessing how the tone and content of these advertisements varies by region, publisher and type of publication. COI Strategic Consultancy carried out an audit of local newspapers in all nine Government Office Regions (including London). The audit was carried out on 18 October 2007, and examined a sample of the local, daily and weekly newspapers available on 17 October; a total of 79 newspapers were examined. In each region, the sample comprised a mix of free and paid-for publications of daily and weekly titles, and covered a range of circulations and a spread of publishers. The audit confirmed that the practice of advertising women and services supplied by women in regional newspapers is widespread. Almost 75% of the publications audited in this review carried advertisements mentioning services from women, and almost half carried classifieds specifically mentioning non-British women. Details: London: Government Equalities Office, 2008. 27p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119386 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution

Author: Pierce, Alexandra Title: Shattered Hearts: The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of American Indian Women and Girls in Minnesota Summary: This report examines the issue of commercial sexual exploitation of American Indian women and girls in Minnesota, including but not limited to sex trafficking. Details: Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Indian Women's Resource Center, 2009. 127p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 117316 Keywords: Child Trafficking Human Trafficking Indian Women and Girls Native Americans Prostitution Sexual Abuse Victims Sexual Violence (Minnesota)

Author: Zhang, Sheldon Title: Why Sex Trafficking Is Constrained and Limited: A Conceptual Explanation Summary: Using findings from a recently completed study in Tijuana, Mexico, this paper presents a descriptive analysis of the circumstances of 220 sex workers who were working in the city’s sex industry. Based on the patterns uncovered from these women’s narratives, the paper proposes a conceptual paradigm that challenges the sensational claims made by many international agencies and social advocacy groups about the widespread problem of sex trafficking activities in Latin America. The intent of this paper was not to question the existence of sex trafficking, but to understand the experiences of those who were closest to this illicit enterprise, so that effective counter-trafficking strategies can be planned and implemented. Details: Santiago, Chile: Global Consortium on Security Transformation, 2010. 22p. Source: Internet Resource; Working Paper Series, no. 5 Year: 2010 Country: Mexico URL: Shelf Number: 119446 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Velkoska, Violeta Title: Criminal Justice Responses to Organized Crime Summary: This survey represents a systematized collection of data at the national leval about the majority of cases related to the criminal offences of trafficking in human beings, mediation in prostitution, and smuggling of migrants, as well as other forms of organized crime, which are tried before the basic courts in Macedonia. Details: Skopje, Macedonia: Coalition "All for Fair Trials", 2007. 103p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2007 Country: Macedonia URL: Shelf Number: 119454 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Migrants Organized Crime (Macedonia) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Victoria. Parliament. Drugs and cRime Prevention Committee Title: Inquiry Into People Trafficking for Sex Work: Final Report Summary: This study reports on the prevalence of women trafficked to Australia for sexual purposes. It is an attempt to make the Melbourne community aware of this crime and to institute a better regime to protect these vulnerable women. The report recommends that a special unit be set up in the Department of Justice to work in the sex industry area and particularly with trafficked women. Details: Melbourne: Government Printer for State of Victoria, 2010. 257p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 119533 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Velkoska, Violeta Title: Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Through the Practice of the Domestic Courts Summary: The lack of thorough empirical analysis of the situation in the Republic of Macedonia regarding the issue of the state’s success in tackling the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings within the institutions responsible for its prosecution and suppression is a motive for developing the report “Suppression of Trafficking in Human Beings through the practise of the domestic of the domestic courts” of the Coalition “All For Fair Trial”. The research encompassed within the Report, for most of the cases in relation to the criminal offences of “Trafficking in Human Beings”, “Mediation in Prostitution” and “Smuggling of Migrants” tried before basic courts in Macedonia, is the first systemized data collection on a national level. Details: Skopje, Macedonia: Coalition "All for Fair Trials", 2005. 91p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 8, 2010 at http://www.osce.org/documents/mms/2005/12/17412_en.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Macedonia URL: http://www.osce.org/documents/mms/2005/12/17412_en.pdf Shelf Number: 110878 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Smuggling of Migrants

Author: Rosen, Eva Title: A "Perversion" of Choice: Sex Work Offers Just Enough in Chicago's Urban Ghetto Summary: In an apartment building on Chicago’s Southside, fifty of the seventy-five residents are sex workers. Our study uses in-depth interviews and participant observation of Chicago’s sex work economy to argue that sex work is one constituent part of an overall low-wage, off- the-books economy of resource exchange among individuals in a bounded geographic setting. To an outsider, the decision to be a sex worker seems irrational; in this paper we argue that specific localized conditions invert this decision and render it entirely rational. For the men and women in our study, sex work acts as a short-term solution that satisfices the demands of persistent poverty and instability, and it provides a meaningful option in the quest for a job that provides autonomy and personal fulfillment. Details: New York: Center for Urban Research and Policy, Columbia University, 2009. 37p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 8, 2010 at: http://www.sociology.columbia.edu/pdf-files/rosenvenk.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.sociology.columbia.edu/pdf-files/rosenvenk.pdf Shelf Number: 116302 Keywords: Ethnography Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Work (Chicago)

Author: Human Rights Foundation of Monland. Women and Child Rights Project (WCRP) Title: Nowhere Else to Go: An Examination of Sexual Trafficking and Related Human Rights Abuses in Southern Burma Summary: "This report documents sexual trafficking and human rights abuses committed against Burmese women and children from 19 Townships in Mon State, Karen State, Tenasserim Division, Pegu Division, Rangoon Division and Mandalay Division. From 2004 to July 2009 the (Mon) Woman and Child Rights Project (WCRP)—Southern Burma documentation program compiled 40 separate incidents totaling 71 victims. This number represents only a small percentage of the instances of sexual trafficking from Burma to Thailand and other bordering nations, though the case studies of this report provide an important lens through which to view the present-day situation. Sexual trafficking and related human rights abuses are pervasive and arguably growing problems systematized by a harsh economic reality under the military rule of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). Whereas the illegitimate junta has become a signatory of anti-trafficking protocols from the United Nations and founded internal regulatory committees to deal with such issues, the last decade has seen flagrant corruption along the border of Burma and Thailand. Government-organized NGOs dedicated to defending the rights’ of its people serve more as roadblocks than as catalysts for social advancement and equitable access to state resources. Facing a broken educational system most likely to betray them, women and girls inside Burma are left with few employable skills and must seek money in any way they can. A reeling marketplace stunted by the government’s economic mismanagement, increased militarization in rural and especially border areas, and the ear-ringing echoes of Cyclone Nargis and price fluctuations from a global economic downturn leave the women of the mainly-agrarian regions of Southern Burma with a glaring ultimatum: migrate or starve. The draw of being able to send money back to their home country in the form of remittances often cannot be tempered even by stories of corrupt traffickers, arrests, or dangerous and abusive living conditions upon arrival. Most of the incidents detailed in this report point to violent sexual abuses that took place during the trafficking process or upon arrival in Thailand, Malaysia, and other destinations. The interview subjects often narrate the types of factory and domestic jobs they were promised to contrast the illegal sex work and other exploitive labor they were forced to perform." Details: Burma: Human Rights Foundation of Monland, 2009. 92p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 13, 2010 at: http://rehmonnya.org/data/nowhereelsetogo.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Burma URL: http://rehmonnya.org/data/nowhereelsetogo.pdf Shelf Number: 117670 Keywords: Human Rights Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Farrell, Amy Title: Understanding and Improving Law Enforcement Responses to Human Trafficking: Final Report Summary: Though recognition of the importance and severity of human trafficking has grown in recent years, the identification and investigation of human trafficking cases remains a complex undertaking for local law enforcement. Effectively responding to human trafficking requires officers to notice and identify victims who often have been hidden from or had poor relationships with law enforcement in the past (e.g., women in prostitution, migrants, immigrant community member, and poor women). Sometimes officers may be reluctant to intervene in sex and labor trafficking situations due to a belief that victims were complicit with their own victimization. Local law enforcement response is further complicated by immigration issues since many local agencies have made a decision to not inquire about citizen status during routine policing activities as a means of building trust and confidence in the local community. Additionally, the crime of human trafficking may take backseat to other institutional priorities such as violence and drugs. Finally, officers must look at old problems or traditional crime categories such as prostitution through a different lens and therefore reclassify ‚offenders‛ such as prostitutes as victims. Since the enforcement of the law in the United States is predominately carried out by the thousands of local, county and state agencies representing diverse environments and local crime problems and coming from a variety of different organizational structures, fully understanding how law enforcement perceives and responds to the problem of human trafficking in the United States necessitates inquiry into the specific experiences of these agencies. The majority of research on law enforcement responses to human trafficking to date has focused on the experiences of a narrow number of large municipal police departments who were perceived to be most likely to come into contact with incidents of human trafficking. While this research has provided an important starting point for understanding the challenges law enforcement agencies encounter in the identification and investigation of human trafficking, it represents only the experiences of a limited number of large agencies. On the other hand, the research presented here documents in a systematic fashion, the present response of local, state and county law enforcement to human trafficking in the U.S. It provides the first description of the steps taken by local law enforcement to identify human trafficking. Additionally, it will shed light on the impact of law enforcement efforts by measuring how often identification of trafficking victims leads to their rescue and the prosecution of trafficking perpetrators. Ultimately, this research will prove instrumental in providing local law enforcement in the U.S. with the necessary tools to successfully identify, investigate and aid in the prosecution of cases of human trafficking. The project addresses four main areas: 1) the perceptions of trafficking held by law enforcement and the preparation agencies have taken to address the problem; 2) the frequency in which law enforcement identifies and investigates cases of human trafficking and 3) the characteristics of those cases investigated by law enforcement and 4) the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases. Details: Boston, MA: Northeastern University, Institute on Race and Justice, 2008. 256p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2010 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222752.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222752.pdf Shelf Number: 110845 Keywords: Human Trafficking Organized Crime Police Investigations Policing Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Levenkron, No'omi Title: Deported and Dispossessed?: Human Trafficking and the State of Israel: Between Economic Struggle and Systemic Dispossession Summary: This policy paper examines how, and to what extent the State of Israel is involved in human trafficking in general, and in particular the darker side of the so-called economic struggle against trafficking, in the framework of which the funds generated at the expense of the victims are seized by the State. In Chapter I, it discusses the economic motivation of all the elements involved in human trafficking: the victims, the traffickers and the respective countries. In Chapter II it examines how Israel derives considerable profits from human trafficking, both directly and indirectly. Chapter III shows how Israel's state coffers profit from the struggle against human trafficking – principally through the confiscation of property and fines. Chapter IV examines the various means available to the victims to obtain compensation for the harm caused them in general, and for reimbursement of the monies taken from them in particular, and this includes compensation through criminal procedure, civil claims against the traffickers and a special fund that is to be established to finance the struggle against human trafficking and the rehabilitation of its victims. Chapter V discusses international law pertaining to compensation for victims of human trafficking, and describes compensation schemes that operate in various countries. In conclusion it discuss ways to use the funds of the economic struggle against human trafficking, with particular emphasis on the rights and needs of the victims. Details: Tel Aviv: Hotline for Migrant Workers, 2007. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2010 at: http://www.hotline.org.il/english/pdf/Report_economic_nforcement_eng.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Israel URL: http://www.hotline.org.il/english/pdf/Report_economic_nforcement_eng.pdf Shelf Number: 113427 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Israel) Prostitution

Author: Ozkan, Cemal Title: Combating Human Trafficking: The Swedish Experience Summary: Human trafficking implies transnational transportation of people for purposes such as prostitution, slavery, begging or committing crimes on behalf of others. In Europe, trafficking has become an increasing problem over the last two decades because of ever more porous borders and the European integration, which has created a flexible milieu for organized criminals seeking to capitalize on the demand for purchasing sex. Details: Stockholm: Institute for Security & Development Policy, 2010. 3p. Source: Internet Resource: ISDP Policy Brief, No. 25: Accessed September 2, 2010 at: http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2010_ozkan_combating-human-trafficking.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2010_ozkan_combating-human-trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 119725 Keywords: Border Control Human Trafficking Organized Crime Prostitution

Author: Joseph, Victor Title: Stolen Lives: Dignity, Forgiveness, Hope, and Future-Mindedness for Victims of Sex Trafficking in India Summary: Trafficking is a particularly pernicious and vicious assault on individual dignity. How do the victims deal with the shame of what has happened to them? How do they forgive, if it is even deemed possible to forgive, those who have trampled on their dignity, and how is it possible for the victims to forgive themselves? How do the victims recover or establish a sense of control of their own lives and destinies? How do they regain hope and belief in the future? What if they had almost no sense of control in the first place? The focus of this study is on seeking to provide the beginnings of some answers to those all important questions. The report focuses on trafficked victims between the ages of 14 and 22 who were sold into brothels in India. Details: West Conshohocken, PA: John Templeton Foundation, 2010. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 10, 2010 at: http://www.templeton.org/sites/default/files/TraffickingReport_Final.pdf Year: 2010 Country: India URL: http://www.templeton.org/sites/default/files/TraffickingReport_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 119776 Keywords: Child Prostitution Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Jackson, Keith Title: Setting the Record: The Trafficking of Migrant Women in the England and Wales Off-Street Prostitution Sector Summary: Project Acumen is a wide-ranging study aimed at improving our understanding of the nature and scale of the trafficking of migrant women for sexual exploitation so it can be tackled more effectively. Led by the Regional Intelligence Unit for the South West, the project sought to measure the extent of trafficking in England and Wales and provide a more nuanced picture of the trafficking landscape. It highlights the sometimes complex circumstances of trafficked women and the varied techniques used by traffickers to influence, control and exploit them. The estimate of trafficking is built up from an examination of the off-street prostitution sector in seven regions, which has then been generalised to represent England and Wales as a whole. The project calculated the number of businesses operating in the sector, and then converted this into the number of women involved in prostitution (allowing for differences in size between businesses). The project has estimated the sector consists of 6,000 businesses and 30,000 women involved in prostitution. 17,000 of these women are migrants, and these were the focus of further analysis. To assess the extent of trafficking, detailed information was gathered from a sample of migrant women involved in prostitution. This was done using a systematic methodology drawn from an internationally recognised process drawing on the International Labour Organisation’s operational indicators of trafficking system and adhering to the United Nations definition of human trafficking (which is also used by the Government). This definition requires three components: the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons by certain defined means for the purpose of exploitation. The research included specially trained police officers conducting interviews with a sample of over 200 women involved in prostitution to determine each woman’s individual circumstances. The results and findings were considered in consultation with experts from law enforcement, support services and academia; this rigorous approach was intended to ensure that the estimate is as reliable as possible. The analysis suggests that of the 17,000 migrant women involved in prostitution in the off-street sector: • 2,600 are trafficked. These are highly vulnerable people. Although most are not subject to violence themselves, many are debt-bonded and strictly controlled through threats of violence to family members. 1,300 of these women are from China, and most of the rest are from South East Asia (primarily Thailand) and Eastern Europe. • 9,􀏮00 are considered to be vulnerable. Although they have elements of vulnerability to trafficking, most are likely to fall short of the trafficking threshold. There may be cultural or financial factors which prevent them from exiting prostitution (or seeking help to do so) but they tend to have day to day control over their activities, and although they may have large debts they generally do not consider themselves to be debt-bonded. The majority of women in this category are from Eastern Europe (4,100), followed by those from China and South East Asia (3,700). The remaining women are from South America and Africa. • 5,500 do not meet the ‘trafficked’ or ‘vulnerable’ thresholds. These women were aware before leaving their home country that they would likely become involved in prostitution, live and work largely independently of third party influence, keep a significant proportion of the money they earn and are not subject to debt-bondage or threats of violence. 85 per cent of migrants in this category are from Eastern Europe, and there are relatively few barriers preventing them from existing prostitution and returning to their countries of origin. The report also finds that significant regional differences exist. For example, in London 96.4 per cent of women involved in prostitution are migrants, compared with only 31.5 per cent in Yorkshire and the Humber. Details: London: Association of Chief Police Officers, Regional Intelligence Unit for the South West, 2010. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2010 at: http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/Setting%20the%20Record%20(Project%20ACUMEN)%20Aug%202010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/Setting%20the%20Record%20(Project%20ACUMEN)%20Aug%202010.pdf Shelf Number: 119794 Keywords: Human Trafficking Migrants Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: O'Flaherty, Brendan Title: The Racial Geography of Vice Summary: Street vice (anonymous prostitution, gambling, and the sale of illicit drugs) is spatially concentrated, confined largely to black neighborhoods in central cities, even though demand is quite evenly distributed throughout the general population. We show how this pattern can arise through the interacting location decisions of sellers, buyers, and non-user households. Areas with high demand density (cities) have lower prices and more tightly packed sellers in equilibrium relative to areas with lower demand density (suburbs) under autarky. When trade between city and suburb is possible, competitive pressure from the city lowers suburban prices and seller density. Higher income households distance themselves from street vice, causing the exposed population to become poorer and disproportionately black. Even mild preferences over neighborhood racial composition can then induce lower income whites to exit, resulting in racial segregation. The relationship between segregation and exposure to vice can be non-monotonic and discontinuous: decreased segregation implies greater sorting by income, and hence larger wage disparities between city and suburb. If such disparities get too large, all sales can shift discontinuously to the city and result in higher overall black exposure even though more blacks now reside in the suburbs. Details: New York: Columbia University, Department of Economics, 2008. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Paper No.:0809-11: Accessed September 14, 2010 at: http://www.econ.columbia.edu/RePEc/pdf/DP0809-11.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.econ.columbia.edu/RePEc/pdf/DP0809-11.pdf Shelf Number: 119802 Keywords: Gambling Illegal Drugs Prostitution Race/Ethnicity Vice

Author: Canada. Royal Canadian Mounted Police Criminal Intelligence Title: Human Trafficking in Canada Summary: Project SECLUSION was prepared for the Immigration and Passport Branch as a national overview of human trafficking activities in an effort to identify the extent of organized crime involvement, transnational associations, source countries, as well as issues and challenges faced by law enforcement. This report also serves as a preliminary baseline of human trafficking activities affecting Canada in both the transnational and domestic perspectives. Details: Ottawa: RCMP, 2010. 49p. Source: Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: Shelf Number: 119806 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Organized Crime Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Transnational Crime

Author: Stacey, Lisa Title: Whose Child Now? Fifteen Years of Working to Prevent the Sexual Exploitation of Children in the UK Summary: This report describes some of the key issues for children affected by sexual exploitation in the UK. Fifteen years on, this report explores the continuing hidden nature of the problem and describes what Barnardo’s is doing today, while suggesting what action still remains to be taken to further protect exploited children and young people. Details: Ilford, UK: Barnardo's, 2009. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2010 at: http://www.barnardos.org.uk/whose_child_now.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.barnardos.org.uk/whose_child_now.pdf Shelf Number: 119848 Keywords: 129907 Human Trafficking Prostitution Runaways Sexual Abuse Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Organization for Migration Title: Human Trafficking: New Directions for Research Summary: As part of the UN Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT), a two-day meeting of research experts was organized by IOM, in collaboration with UNODC and ILO. The meeting took place in Cairo on the 11th and 12th of January 2008. The overall objective of the meeting was to contribute to the prevention and elimination of human trafficking by developing a set of recommendations to promote new ways of studying trafficking and to enhance the quality of research on the subject. The research initiative also responds directly to one of UN.GIFT’s three strategic goals: to broaden the knowledge base of data, facts and research on trafficking. The report includes 10 papers from the meeting: four address "conceptual and data issues," while the remaining six present overviews of the status of research on trafficking in specific regions (Asia, Europe, Middle East and North Africa, North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean). Details: Geneva: IOM, 2008. 190p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2010 at: http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/microsites/IDM/workshops/ensuring_protection_070909/human_trafficking_new_directions_for_research.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/microsites/IDM/workshops/ensuring_protection_070909/human_trafficking_new_directions_for_research.pdf Shelf Number: 117677 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Raphael, Jody Title: From Victims to Victimizers: Interviews with 25 Ex-Pimps in Chicago Summary: A new study of ex-pimps and madams in the Chicago area shows that most of them were victims of prostitution prior to becoming pimps and had family members involved in the illegal sex trade. Of the 25 pimps and madams interviewed, 68 percent had themselves been prostituted prior to pimping. Their average age of entry into prostitution was 15, and 60 percent had family members who were involved in prostitution. Details: Chicago: De Paul College of Law, Schiller DuCanto & Fleck Family Law Center, 2010. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 13, 2010 at: http://newsroom.depaul.edu/PDF/FAMILY_LAW_CENTER_REPORT-final.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://newsroom.depaul.edu/PDF/FAMILY_LAW_CENTER_REPORT-final.pdf Shelf Number: 119952 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sexual Abuse Prostitution

Author: Xiu, Liu Title: Organized Crime and the Black Economy in China Summary: Organized crime has now become a serious social problem in all cities in China. Officially, the Chinese government has thus far acknowledged that only a few criminal groups have acquired so-called mafia-like characteristics in their organizational structure. However, there are no real mafia-type organizations in China. Organized crime in China mainly engages in drug trafficking, money laundering, smuggling, human trafficking, manufacture and smuggling of counterfeit money and guns, prostitution, etc. Details: Santiago, Chile: Global Consortium on Security Transformation, 2010. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper Series, No. 7: Accessed November 29, 2010 at: http://www.securitytransformation.org/images/publicaciones/173_Working_Paper_7_-_Organized_Crime_and_the_Black_Economy_in_China.pdf Year: 2010 Country: China URL: http://www.securitytransformation.org/images/publicaciones/173_Working_Paper_7_-_Organized_Crime_and_the_Black_Economy_in_China.pdf Shelf Number: 120299 Keywords: Drug Trafficking Human Trafficking Money Laundering Organized Crime (China) Prostitution Smuggling Trafficking in Weapons

Author: Barefoot Research and Evaluation Title: Hidden Markets: Sex Work in Northumberland and Tyne and Wear Summary: This is a report about the sex market in Northumberland and Tyne and Wear in 2007. To arrive at the findings presented here, we mapped the knowledge of professionals across the area and we also drew heavily on peer-led research that was carried out by the Voices Heard group. We found a hidden market which is characterised by mostly off-street sex work which can roughly be categorised in three sections; high, middle and low. The high section includes workers attached to escort agencies or independent workers who charge high fees. The middle section (reported to make up the majority of sex workers in the area) includes independent workers, those attached to escort agencies and those working in most brothels. The low section includes problematic drug users, failed asylum seekers and those working on the streets and in crack houses. In each area we found evidence of a range of types of sex work being undertaken by a variety of different people. We found: sex workers advertising on the internet and in newspapers, belonging to escort agencies and brothels and selling sex as individuals (both male and female); brothels throughout the region and between nine and 25 brothels in each local authority area. In one, there were reports of up to eight crack houses where sex was traded; soliciting and street markets reported in several areas. Street-based sex work was reported to be taking place in car parks, bus interchanges, around hostels, pubs and on the streets; reports from services about their clients being involved in sex work for example at contraceptive and sexual health services, harm reduction services, drug treatment and support services, GUM clinics and housing providers. We also looked at how people were paid for sex, where sex work took place, methods of advertising, the prices of sex and how people became sex workers. A number of important themes emerged from the findings and strong links were found between sex work and issues such as drug misuse, mental and physical health and the use of services. A key theme was that many sex workers suffered economic, housing, health, social and physical vulnerabilities. These themes have implications for local statutory and voluntary services. We then explored the response of services to sex work in the area and we found some excellent examples of good practice, some from the voluntary sector and others from statutory authorities. Case studies are detailed in the report. Details: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Northern Rock Foundation, 2009. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 2, 2010 at: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/downloads/Think%204.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/downloads/Think%204.pdf Shelf Number: 120350 Keywords: Prostitutes (U.K.) Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Claude, Kajsa Title: Targeting the Sex Buyer. The Swedish Example: Stopping Prostitution and Trafficking Where It All Begins Summary: This publication presents the Swedish view on human trafficking for sexual purposes and prostitution. Its point of departure is that the demand for sexual services sustains these deplorable activities. Seen from this perspective, Sweden has taken a number of important steps, including stricter laws; measures designed to increase cooperation among authorities and organizations; and efforts to ensure better protection for victims and safe repatriation to their countries of origin. Details: Solna: Swedish Institute, 2010. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 9, 2010 at: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/The_Swedish_Institute_Targeting_the_sex_buyer.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/The_Swedish_Institute_Targeting_the_sex_buyer.pdf Shelf Number: 120434 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Frederick, J. Title: Trafficking and Exploitation in the Entertainment and Sex Industries in Nepal: A Handbook for Decision-Makers Summary: This report calls for immediate action to end commercial sexual exploitation and abuse of children under the guise of ‘entertainment’ in Nepal. The handbook also highlights how internal trafficking within Nepal is as problematic as trafficking of women and children to India. Details: Kathmandu, Nepal: Terre des hommes Foundation, 2010. 131p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 14, 2010 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/handbook.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Nepal URL: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/handbook.pdf Shelf Number: 120500 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Trafficking Human Trafficking (Nepal) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Norli, Av Bjorg Title: Foreign Prostitution in Oslo: Pro Sentret's Knowledge and Experiences Summary: The report presents Pro Sentret's experiences of and knowledge about women from Estern Europe and Nigeria working as prostitutes in Oslo. Details: Oslo: Pro Sentret, 2006. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 16, 2010 at: http://www.prosenteret.no/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=218:foreign-prostitution-in-oslo-pro-sentret-v-bjrg-norli-2006&catid=17:prostitusjon&Itemid=60 Year: 2006 Country: Norway URL: http://www.prosenteret.no/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=218:foreign-prostitution-in-oslo-pro-sentret-v-bjrg-norli-2006&catid=17:prostitusjon&Itemid=60 Shelf Number: 120529 Keywords: Prostitutes (Norway) Prostitution

Author: Willoughby, Michelle Title: Demand Deterrence Strategies: International Initiatives to Eliminate Demand for the Sex Trade Summary: Today’s research on prostitution largely focuses on the women selling sex rather than on the men who buy sex. The rule of supply and demand highlights the significant role that the buyers play in maintaining prostitution. If there was not a demand for prostitution, then prostitution simply would not exist. In recent years, communities worldwide have started to acknowledge this perspective and have begun implementing demand deterrence strategies. This report highlights such strategies and may be used as a best practice guide for deterring the demand for prostitution around the world. CAASE does not necessarily endorse the strategies outlined in this report. Rather, CAASE has chosen to compile this listing as a resource for future demand deterrence initiatives. Some of the approaches enumerated here are insensitive to those in the sex trade and misrepresent their experiences. In order for any of these strategies to be effective, the culture can no longer view women in prostitution as perpetrators of a crime, nor can we blame them for the exploitation and violence perpetrated against them. The first section of the report offers a description of the most common and the most successful demand deterrence strategies utilized worldwide. The two appendixes that follow enumerate specific strategies in greater detail and are organized alphabetically, according to location. Some of the strategies listed are no longer in effect. In such cases, their activities are described in the past tense. They remain a part of the report, however, to preserve any potential usefulness that may arise from knowledge of such programs in the future. The report will be continually updated to reflect changes in community responses to the demand for prostitution. Details: Chicago: Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation, 2008. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 20, 2010 at: http://www.caase.org/pdf/resources/14-demand-deterrence-strategies.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.caase.org/pdf/resources/14-demand-deterrence-strategies.pdf Shelf Number: 120549 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Vancouver Police Department Title: Project Lockstep: A United Effort To Save Lines In the Downtown Eastside Summary: People residing in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside (DTES) are negatively affected by mental health illues, illicit and licit substance abuse, drug trafficking, alcoholism, physical health issues like HIV and Hepatitis C infestions, substandard and insufficient housing, illegitimate businesses, crime and public disorder, an entrenched survival sex trade, and a historical reduction in police presence. These problems, crime and public disorder in particular, harm surrounding Vancouver neighbourhoods, the metro region, and the Province of BC. This report calls for immediate action to improves the lives of those most in need in the DTES. Details: Vancouver, BC: Vancouver Police Department, 2009. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2011 at: http://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/vpd-project-lockstep.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Canada URL: http://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/vpd-project-lockstep.pdf Shelf Number: 120710 Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior Communities Crime and Public Disorder (Vancouver) Homelessness Prostitution

Author: Jakobsson, Niklas Title: The Law and Economics of International Sex Slavery: Prostitution Laws and Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation Summary: Trafficking in humans for sexual exploitation is an economic activity driven by profit motives. Laws regarding commercial sex influence the profitability of trafficking. Using cross country data we show that trafficking of persons for commercial sexual exploitation is least prevalent in countries where prostitution is illegal, most prevalent in countries where prostitution is legalized, and in between in those countries where prostitution is legal but procuring illegal. Case studies of countries that have changed legal framework support the claims on the direction of causality as well as the causal mechanisms. The results suggest that criminalizing buying and/or selling sex may reduce the amount of trafficking to a country. Details: Goteborg, Sweden: School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, 2010. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Papers in Economics, No. 458: Accessed February 9, 2011 at: http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/22825/1/gupea_2077_22825_1.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/22825/1/gupea_2077_22825_1.pdf Shelf Number: 120729 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Vindhya, U. Title: Sex Trafficking of Girls and Women: Evidence from Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh Summary: A crucial gap in the trafficking literature from India is the dearth of primary data and micro studies that could be used for vulnerability mapping of the source areas and addressing the identified risk factors. The present paper is a small attempt to contribute to plugging the gap in the context of Andhra Pradesh, identified as a ‘hot spot’ in the trafficking literature. This paper is based on case studies of 78 women who had been trafficked from their places of origin in Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh to metropolitan cities across India and who have since returned to their homes. The paper attempted to identify the individual and family circumstances that contribute to the causes of trafficking, to highlight in particular the gendered vulnerabilities that set these women up for trafficking, and to capture the process of the trafficking experience. The findings of the study are located in the dynamic interplay of the social structural context and specificities of the district that contribute to causes of trafficking and the individual circumstances and agency of the women. The case studies reported in this paper are a pointer to the compelling urgency of interventions that will go beyond the forced/ voluntary divide in trafficking and sex work. Details: Hyderabad, India: Centre for Economic and Social Studies, 2010. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 90: Accessed February 9, 2011 at: www.eaber.org/intranet/documents/26/2355/CESS_Vindhya_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: India URL: Shelf Number: 120730 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Human Trafficking (India) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Minwalla, Sherizaan Title: Human Trafficking in Iraq: Patterns and Practices in Forced Labor and Sexual Exploitation Summary: Human trafficking in the form of forced prostitution and labor has long existed in Iraq, as has forced marriage and domestic servitude within the family, tribe and community. Since the 2003 invasion and subsequent civil war, Iraq has increasingly been a source of trafficking victims who are transported to neighboring countries, as well as a destination for foreign workers who are at risk of trafficking and come to Iraq from the Philippines, Nepal, Bangladesh and other countries where poverty is widespread. Furthermore, internal conflict and breakdown in law and order has resulted in a rise in kidnapping and trafficking from one location to another within Iraq. The Iraqi Constitution prohibits forced labor, kidnapping, slavery, slave trade, trafficking in women or children, and the sex trade, and the Government of Iraq ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ("CEDAW"). However Iraqi government officials have overwhelmingly failed to act to prevent abuses and to punish offenders. Iraq has not passed anti-trafficking legislation, allowing traffickers to continue to operate with impunity. Research and preliminary investigations leading to the production of this report indicate that Iraqi women and girls are being subjected to the following types of trafficking: 1) exploitation of prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation; 2) forced labor or services; 3) slavery or practices similar to slavery; and 4) servitude. There are also credible reports of trafficking-related practices such as forced participation in criminal activity. Because of the nature of trafficking, quantitative measurement is inexact even in developed nations with functioning judicial and law enforcement sectors. In Iraq, measuring the scope of trafficking is far more difficult. However, there is ample evidence of established patterns and practices of trafficking, leading to a strong likelihood that hundreds of women have been trafficked over the last five years in the Kurdistan region, and thousands elsewhere in Iraq and in neighboring regions. In accordance with the Iraqi Constitution as well as international treaty obligations, Iraq must develop an effective national and regional counter-trafficking strategy. A comprehensive approach to combating trafficking must include prevention strategies, protection of trafficking victims, and prosecution of traffickers. This is a difficult time for Iraqis as they struggle with ongoing violence and war, as well as ongoing political restructuring in which many issues have yet to be determined. However it is also an opportune time to address trafficking and other serious human rights violations, as Iraq's national and regional governments work to strengthen the rule of law. Addressing problems of trafficking and other forms of gender-motivated violence is integral to this process of reform. Details: Chicago: Heartland Alliance, 2007. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2011 at: http://www.heartlandalliance.org/whatwedo/advocacy/reports/humantraffickinginiraq.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Iraq URL: http://www.heartlandalliance.org/whatwedo/advocacy/reports/humantraffickinginiraq.pdf Shelf Number: 120823 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Marcovich, Malka Title: Trafficking, Sexual Exploitation and Prostitution of Women and Girls in Iraq Summary: Trafficking, Sexual Exploitation and Prostitution of Women and Girls in Iraq is particularly based on firsthand knowledge gained through a consultation process with women and women’s organizations in Iraq and the neighboring region, over a period of three years. Many factors combine to promote the rise of sex trafficking and prostitution in the area: the US-led war and the chaos it has generated; the growing insecurity and lawlessness; corruption of authorities; the upsurge in religious extremism; economic hardship; marriage pressures; gender based violence and recurrent discrimination suffered by women; kidnappings of girls and women; the impunity of perpetrators of crimes, especially those against women; and the development of new technologies associated with the globalization of the sex industry. Organizations that have experience aiding victims of gender based violence, who are in contact with women in the brothels and in prisons, and who have done research in the field, as well as reports from international agencies and NGOs, address these factors. Not only war and economic insecurity push women and girls into prostitution but also the social situation of widows and single women who, without resources, are also without social networks and protection. Male violence, including battering of wives, incest and honor crimes are also push factors. Women and children have been the primary victims who have suffered the consequences of both the brutal reign of Saddam Hussein and the Baath Party and the war begun in 2003. The backlash against women and women’s rights and the terrorizing of women has become commonplace. The impotence of authorities has encouraged a culture of impunity in which crimes against women are minimized, neglected and denied. Security is a key issue for both victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation and other forms of violence against women, and for those who assist and advocate for victims. This report investigates the factors that promote trafficking in women for prostitution, identifies the obtacles in preventing sexual exploitation and in punishing perpetrators, and recommends ways of addressing violence against women and protecting victims of trafficking and prostitution in Iraq. Details: Amman, Jordan: Norwegian Church Aid, 2010. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2011 at: http://www.kirkensnodhjelp.no/PageFiles/726/Report,%20Trafficking%20in%20Iraq%20(PDF).pdf Year: 2010 Country: Iraq URL: http://www.kirkensnodhjelp.no/PageFiles/726/Report,%20Trafficking%20in%20Iraq%20(PDF).pdf Shelf Number: 120825 Keywords: Child Prostitution Human Trafficking (Iraq) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Violence Against Women

Author: Peters, Alicia W. Title: Trafficking in Meaning: Law, Victims, and the State Summary: This dissertation examines the ways in which US anti-trafficking law (and related policies) incorporates the social and political context in which it was created and examines the ways in which deep-seated beliefs about sex intersect the drafting, interpretation, and implementation of anti-trafficking law and policy. Specifically, this dissertation focuses on the diverse meanings and consequences of a recent US law, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000, for criminal justice authorities, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and victims of trafficking in the New York metro area. While all laws are subject to interpretation regarding meaning and application, the TVPA contains an especially complicated and layered definition of trafficking, reflecting the diverse constituencies (anti-prostitution feminists, evangelical Christians, and human rights advocates) that lobbied for radically different versions of anti-trafficking bills. This complexity in the law invites considerable flexibility in interpretation and application. This research examines distinctions between the “law on the books,” the “law in their minds,” and the “law in action” (Schuck, 2000) by looking at ruptures between the TVPA as written, as understood by the various actors for whom it has relevance, and as actually implemented. Correspondingly, this project analyzes how beliefs about trafficking and sex intersect with these three angles of inquiry. I argue that the TVPA is a rich cultural text, reflecting the social and political anxieties over prostitution, immigration, and victimization, among others, that surfaced during its drafting and that are replicated as various implementers interpret the law and reinforced through its application. Cultural norms and assumptions, regarding sex in particular, continually resurface through the everyday implementation of the law. As a result, a particular vision of trafficking (forced prostitution) and a specific type of victim (women forced into prostitution) is privileged in complicated ways that divert attention from trafficking into other labor sectors (domestic work, agriculture, factory labor, nude dancing, etc.) and from men altogether. Details: New York: Columbia University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 2010. 273p. Source: Internet Resource: Doctoral Thesis: Accessed March 11, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/231589.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/231589.pdf Shelf Number: 120980 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Finckenauer, James O. Title: Researching and Rethinking Sex Trafficking: The Movement of Chinese Women to Asia and the United States for Commercial Sex Summary: Despite the concern and attention devoted to human trafficking in general and sex trafficking in particular over the past decade, there is still much about it that is unknown or subject to disagreement. And in general there has been little empirical research on the issue. Where there have been studies, the researchers have often drawn conclusions or generalized findings based on biased samples. Given this state of affairs, we have chosen in the study reported here to assume that prostitution is a multifaceted business with a proliferation of diverse women, and that therefore it is essential to study women in different sex venues and different destination countries in order to have a more nuanced and better balanced understanding of the transnational commercial sex business and its relation to sex trafficking. In contrast to the prevailing research approach in this area, of relying upon subjects defined by others, we instead decided to cast the broadest net possible, and to interview subjects under the broadest range of possible statuses. We also decided to conduct our subject interviews under circumstances that would maximize the probability that the subjects would be forthcoming and not constrained by other motives or agendas. In brief, we set out to conduct a study with the following specific aims: 1. To examine the underlying reasons for the illicit movement of women from China to destinations throughout Asia and to the U.S. for the purpose of prostitution. 2. To explore the structure or social organization of the movement of women from China to Asia and the U.S. 3. To understand the methods of recruiting, transporting, and managing Chinese women by various participants in the smuggling, trafficking, and sex businesses. 4. To investigate the economic aspects of smuggling, trafficking, and prostitution. 5. To examine the social adjustment and settlement patterns among Chinese women and the victimization and exploitation of these women by smugglers and traffickers and sex industry operators. 6. To analyze the individual and group characteristics of smugglers and traffickers and their relationships with gangs and organized crime. 7. To evaluate the problems and prospects of combating the movement of women from China to the rest of the world. Our goal was to shed light on one group of women who go overseas to engage in commercial sex – in this case women from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) – and to provide a more nuanced understanding of the movement of these women and its possible relation to sex trafficking. Our underlying assumption is that commercial sex, the transnational movement of women to overseas sex venues, and sex trafficking are linked. In this study, we sought to explore that linkage, and to consider whether that linkage is as characterized by the U.S. government and the United Nations in their respective codifications of human trafficking . A secondary goal was to inform the development of better strategies and responses to cope with these phenomena. Details: Newark, NJ: School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, 2010. 204p. Source: Internet Resource: Final Report to the U.S. Department of Justice: Accessed March 17, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/233583.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/233583.pdf Shelf Number: 121045 Keywords: Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Jones, Jackie Title: Trafficking of Women and Children in Wales 2010 Summary: This report centres around the lived experience of victims of trafficking, be they men, women or children. It focuses on responses to the victims of trafficking as this is the area in which WAG has the most room to enact effective, rights-based policies. To this end, the report surveys the literature and legal instruments on trafficking in human beings. Much has been written about trafficking, much more needs to be said about trafficking in Wales. The literature reveals a clear lack of understanding about the issues involved in trafficking. For example, the relationships between trafficking and smuggling, forced labour and irregular work, the link between prostitution and trafficking, the link between marijuana consumption and child forced labour. There are gaps in knowledge over issues of identification of victims of trafficking and responses once identified as well as specialist provisions of services, despite the recent creation of a refuge for trafficked women in Wales. Gender-specific and child-friendly policy initiatives are at the heart of effective enforcement and protection strategies. These need to be tailored to the particular needs of local communities in Wales. Strategies that reflect the different landscapes – rural, urban, language, cultural – all require co-ordination in a national (Welsh) centre for trafficking. From that multi-agency point, training, awareness-raising, advocacy and many other services can be provided and tailored for the needs of the people in Wales. Details: Bristol, UK: Bristol Law School, University of the West of England, 201o. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Center for Legal Research, Working Paper No. 1: Accessed March 23, 2011 at: http://law.uwe.ac.uk/pdf/trafficking.pdf Year: 0 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://law.uwe.ac.uk/pdf/trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 121108 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Smuggling Human Trafficking (Wales) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Kelleher Associates Title: Globalisation, Sex Trafficking and Prostitution: The Experiences of Migrant Women in Ireland Summary: Globalisation, Sex Trafficking and Prostitution - the Experiences of Migrant Women in Ireland" presents stark evidence of the trafficking of women and girls into and through Ireland for the purposes of sexual exploitation. It shines a light on the reality of large numbers of migrant women being sexually exploited in indoor prostitution in Ireland. Drawing on the experiences of these women, the report illustrates the severe emotional, physical and psychological harm that women who are trafficked and sexually exploited in Ireland endure. Details: Dublin: Immigrant Council of Ireland, 2009. 207p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 23, 2011 at: http://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/images/stories/Trafficking_Report_FULL_LENGTH_FINAL.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/images/stories/Trafficking_Report_FULL_LENGTH_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 121114 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Ireland) Migrants Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Victims of Trafficking

Author: Ward, Eilis Title: The Nature and Extent of Trafficking of Women into Ireland for the Purposes of Sexual Exploitation 2000 - 2006: A Report from Findings Summary: This report provides a baseline of cases of sex-trafficking into Ireland between the years 2000 – 2006. It concludes that for these years, the probable minimum number of such cases was 76. The vast majority of those cases occurred between 2003 and 2006 and the majority of women trafficked into Ireland were from Eastern Europe. The second largest grouping came from Africa – and the single biggest national grouping from Nigeria. Women were also trafficked into Ireland from Asia and South America. These women were located in the sex industry in both Dublin and outside the capital in towns and cities throughout the country. Our research revealed the use of force, coercion, deception and physical and sexual violence as part of the transit journey. In most cases, when contact was made with agencies and organisations, the women were in states of distress, they frequently had little or no English and were extremely vulnerable. Of the 76 cases, 36 women subsequently disappeared from contact with the organisations and their whereabouts or status is unknown. Fourteen women were repatriated and twenty-two were granted leave to remain or, at the time of writing, were in the asylum process in Ireland. Three were deported and one woman was repatriated to a third country. Our research identified a serious gap in service provision and support in Ireland for women who have been sex-trafficked, largely deriving from the absence of legislation. While many organisations and services are attempting to fill that gap and collaboration exists between statutory and non-statutory agencies, the absence of a legislative framework, funding, policy directions and a coherent state response continues to hamper that work. Our research underlines the urgent need for legislation and that the Irish state is under international obligation to implement law and a policy response. The vast majority of our respondents stressed the importance of a human rights approach to such legislation. The research findings are derived from both qualitative and quantitative methodologies supported by a review of relevant international and Irish literature. Details: Galway: Social Sciences Research Center, National University of Ireland, 2007. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: SSCR Research Papers and Reports No. 39: Accessed March 28, 2011 at: http://www.nuigalway.ie/ssrc/documents/The%20Nature%20and%20Extent%20of%20Trafficking%20of%20Women%20into%20Ireland%20for%20the%20Purposes%20of%20Sexual%20Exploitation%20(2000-2006)%20-%202007.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.nuigalway.ie/ssrc/documents/The%20Nature%20and%20Extent%20of%20Trafficking%20of%20Women%20into%20Ireland%20for%20the%20Purposes%20of%20Sexual%20Exploitation%20(2000-2006)%20-%202007.pdf Shelf Number: 121144 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Ireland) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: World Bank Title: Human Trafficking: A Brief Overview Summary: Millions of men, women and children are victims of human trafficking for sexual, forced labor and other forms of exploitation worldwide. The human and economic costs of this take an immense toll on individuals and communities. By conservative estimates, the cost of trafficking in terms of underpayment of wages and recruiting fees is over $20 billion. The costs to human capital are probably impossible to quantify. The problem of trafficking cuts across a range of development issues, from poverty to social inclusion, to justice and rule of law issues, and thus has relevance for practitioners throughout the development community. This note provides a brief overview on the issues of human trafficking, which can be used as a quick reference for the task team leaders, sector managers, directors, and their clients at the World Bank Group. This note will first provide a definition of human trafficking and the scope of the problem, then summarize the regional trends of trafficking patterns. This is followed by a discussion of the key actors in the anti-trafficking movement and the role played by development partners in preventing human trafficking. The final section offers some potential orientations for the World Bank Group to further engage this issue in its operations. Details: Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Social Development Notes, No. 122: Accessed April 6, 2011 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1239390842422/6012763-1239905793229/Human_Trafficking.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1239390842422/6012763-1239905793229/Human_Trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 121254 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Fujita, Koichi Title: Myanmar Migrant Laborers in Ranong, Thailand Summary: Thailand is the major destination for migrants in mainland Southeast Asia, and Myanmar (Burmese) migrants account for the dominant share. This paper sheds light on the actual working conditions and the life of Myanmar migrants in Thailand, based on our intensive survey in Ranong in southern Thailand in 2009. We found a wide range of serious problems that Myanmar migrants face in everyday life: very harsh working conditions, low income, heavy indebtedness, risk of being human-trafficking victims, harassment by the police and military (especially of sex workers), high risk of illness including malaria and HIV/AIDS and limited access to affordable medical facilities, and a poor educational environment for their children. Details: Chiba, Japan: Institute of Developing Economies, 2010. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: IDE Discussion Paper No. 257: Accessed April 26, 2011 at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/jet/dpaper/dpaper257.html Year: 2010 Country: Thailand URL: http://ideas.repec.org/p/jet/dpaper/dpaper257.html Shelf Number: 121493 Keywords: Human Trafficking Migrants Migrations Prostitution Sex Trafficking

Author: Mai, Nick Title: Migrant Workers in the UK Sex Industry: Final Policy-Relevant Report Summary: The main aim of the project is to improve the understanding of the links between migration and the UK sex industry and migration in the UK, by drawing on the ways in which migrants themselves described their experiences and analysed their histories. The links between migration and the sex industry are predominantly addressed in current public debates in terms of trafficking and exploitation. Interviews with 100 migrant women, men and transgender people working in all of the main jobs available within the sex industry and from the most relevant areas of origin (South America, Eastern Europe, EU and South East Asia) indicate that approximately 13 per cent of female interviewees felt that they had been subject to different perceptions and experiences of exploitation, ranging from extreme cases of trafficking to relatively more consensual arrangements. Only a minority, amounting approximately to 6 per cent of female interviewees, felt that they had been deceived and forced into selling sex in circumstances within which they had no share of control or consent. Contrary to the emphasis given in current public debates about cases of trafficking and exploitation, the evidence gathered in the context of this project shows a great variety of life and work trajectories within the sex industry, which were influenced by key factors such as: social-economic background; educational aspirations and achievements; immigration status; professional and language skills; gender and sexuality; family history; and individual emotional history. Interviewees were from privileged, average and underprivileged socio-economic backgrounds, from structured as well as problematic families and their experience of education varied between elementary to post-graduate. In the majority of cases, the decision to migrate is based on the perception of a lack of opportunities of personal and professional development at home, with particular reference to the field of education. Most migrants did not work in the sex industry before coming to the UK and decided to do so after a long string of work experiences in other sectors, which were seen as comparatively less rewarding both in terms of remuneration and of the working conditions offered. The majority of interviewees were introduced to the possibility of working in the sex industry through friends and colleagues they met in other settings and decided to take up the opportunity after they saw positive examples in their everyday lives, both when they were home and in the country of origin. The stigma associated with sex work was the main problem for almost all interviewees, who felt that it had negative implications for their private and professional lives. Most interviewees complained that they found it difficult to reconcile working in the sex industry and having stable romantic relationships and that having to lead a double life with their partners, families and friends impacted negatively on their wellbeing. A majority of interviewees also underlined the way the stigma associated with sex work was implicated in legitimating violence against sex workers from a small minority of clients and from petty criminals. Almost all interviewees felt that the most advantageous aspects of their involvement in the sex industry were the possibility of earning considerably more money than in other sectors, the availability of time and the possibility of meeting interesting people, travelling and experiencing new and challenging situations. In most cases by working in the sex industry migrants were able to bridge an important gap in their aspirations to social mobility and felt that they were able to enjoy better living and working conditions. Most interviewees underlined that they enjoyed respectful and friendly relations with colleagues and clients and that by working in the sex industry they had better working and living conditions than those they encountered in other sectors of employment (mainly in the hospitality and care sectors). The research shows that most interviewees consciously decided to work in the sex industry and that only a minority felt that they had been forced to. The research findings strongly suggest that vulnerability, particularly to trafficking and exploitation, results from migrants’ socio-economic conditions, lack of information about their rights and entitlement to protection in the UK, their personal family and emotional circumstances, but, most of all, from their immigration status in the UK. Details: London: Institute for the Study of European Transformations, London Metropolitan University, 2010. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2011 at: http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/Research/iset/Migrant%20Workers%20in%20the%20UK%20Sex%20Industry%20Policy-Relevant%20Findings2.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/Research/iset/Migrant%20Workers%20in%20the%20UK%20Sex%20Industry%20Policy-Relevant%20Findings2.pdf Shelf Number: 121725 Keywords: Migrants (U.K.) Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Industry Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cohen, Marcia I. Title: Final Report on the Evaluation of the SAGE Project's LIFESKILLS and GRACE Programs Summary: The SAGE Project, Inc., is a nonprofit organization in San Francisco that operates two commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) intervention programs: LIFESKILLS and GRACE. Both programs operate from the philosophical approach of harm reduction, which emphasizes peer education and skills development. Participants in LIFESKILLS are younger (under 18) and are either involved in CSE or considered at high risk for sexual exploitation. The LIFESKILLS program offers case management, support groups, and referral services. Length of stay for LIFESKILLS girls ranges from 4 to 14 months. GRACE participants are older (adults) and have been arrested for prostitution. Most GRACE program clients are court-ordered to participate for a minimum of 25 hours of group services. This study used a four-phase participatory evaluation design that employed both quantitative and qualitative components. The two qualitative components (phases 1 and 4) used interviews with staff and program participants to assist in operationalizing variables for the evaluation, identifying process and outcome measures, and developing program logic models. The quantitative evaluation followed a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent group design to assess a set of outcomes (phase 2). The principal data sources included baseline and follow-up surveys and official arrest records. The process evaluation (phase 3) integrated both quantitative and qualitative methods to assess whether the program was well designed and implemented as intended and involved an examination of services, management, staffing, information systems, and case files. The key findings: 1. The SAGE Project succeeded in reducing contact with the criminal justice system of both the LIFESKILLS and GRACE groups. The GRACE group had significantly better outcomes for CSE involvement and PTSD symptomology, while the LIFESKILLS group had significantly better outcomes for sexual assault victimization, educational aspirations, self-efficacy, and employment attitude. The program made no significant impact on substance abuse, commitment to school, most measures of victimization, and social support for either group. 2. Girls and young women typically track along one of four risk-related trajectories, on the basis of whether they are a) from ‘risk saturated’ communities, b) from troubled suburban families, c) from immigrant families, or d) becoming involved proactively, without (at first) many of the overwhelming risk factors present for the other trajectories. 3. While a LIFESKILLS curriculum with a good theoretical foundation exists, fidelity to a model is lacking, and it has not been sufficiently formalized, operationalized, and documented. This report offers recommendations for improving both programs such as, eliminating population mixing, increasing staff training, matching program activities to criminogenic needs, incorporating cognitive-behavioral treatment activities, incentivizing program completion, and developing an instrument to assess the CSE risk level of each new client. Details: Bethesda, MD: Development Services Group, Inc., 2010. 371p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 28, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234464.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234464.pdf Shelf Number: 121872 Keywords: Juvenile Prostitution Prostitutes Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Shah, Svati P. Title: Sex Work and Women's Movements Summary: This paper places the development of sex workers’ movements over the past two decades within the historical context of feminist discourses on violence against women. The paper discusses the importance of the discourse on violence against women in framing contemporary abolitionist campaigns that seek to criminalize sex work. It goes on to discuss the contemporary context, including the status of alliances and dialogue between women’s, LGBTQ, and sex workers’ movements, focusing on India. The history of responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the question of agency are also discussed. The paper ultimately calls into question the effects of using a liberal framework to craft interventions in the governance of sexual commerce. The argument presented here is derived from the author’s research on sex work in India, and from participation in LGBTQ, feminist, and sex workers’ movements in India and in the U.S. This paper traces the relationship between sex workers’ and feminist movements in India in order to identify and explore insights in some of the most dynamic and controversial areas for advocacy and policy making within the growing intersections of sexuality and human rights. In so doing, the paper marks the current moment of change between and among women’s and sex workers’ movements, and explores what the significance of sex worker-led activism might be for sexuality-related research and jurisprudence. Given that feminist and sex workers’ movements address issues of gender based inequality, the state, and health, the paper marks this moment by asking why these movements have developed distinctly from one another? In particular, why have mainstream feminist organizations historically eschewed individual sex workers as feminist contemporaries and comrades, in favor of either regarding sex workers as objects of rescue, or as adversaries in the aim of achieving gender equality? To be sure, the evolution of sex worker movements is distinct from that of ‘feminist’ or ‘women’s’ movements. Details: New Delhi: CREA India, 2011. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 5, 2011 at: http://web.creaworld.org/files/f2.pdf Year: 2011 Country: India URL: http://web.creaworld.org/files/f2.pdf Shelf Number: 122302 Keywords: Feminist Movement Prostitutes (India) Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Farley, Melissa Title: Comparing Sex Buyers with Men Who Don’t Buy Sex: “You can have a good time with the servitude” vs. “You’re supporting a system of degradation” Summary: This study compared 101 men who buy sex with 100 men who did not buy sex. The men who participated in this study were matched in terms of age, ethnicity, and education level. Most had a wife or girlfriend at the time of the study. Sex buyers had many more sex partners in their lifetime (prostituted as well as non-prostituted) than non-sex buyers. Each interviewee participated in a structured interview that included extended queries about the men‘s history of using women in prostitution, what they looked for when they bought sex, their evaluations and perceptions of women in prostitution and pimp-prostitute relationships, awareness of coercion and trafficking, likelihood to rape, pornography use, hostile masculine identification, first use of women in prostitution, criminal history, how they discussed prostitution with their friends, deterrents to prostitution, sex education, and others. The common myth that "any man" might buy sex (i.e., that a sex buyer is a random everyman, an anonymous male who deserves the common name, john) was not supported. Sex buyers shared certain attitudes, life experiences, and behavioral tendencies that distinguish them from their non-buying peers in socially and statistically significant ways. Sex buyers engaged in significantly more criminal activity than non-sex buyers. They were far more likely than non-sex buyers to commit felonies, misdemeanors, crimes related to violence against women, substance abuse-related crimes, assaults, crimes with weapons, and crimes against authority. All of the crimes known to be associated with violence against women were reported by sex buyers; none were reported by non-sex buyers. The sex buyers and non-sex buyers differed in their self-reported likelihood to rape. Sex buyers acknowledged having committed significantly more sexually coercive acts against women (non-prostituting as well as prostituting women) than non-sex buyers. The two groups differed in their attitudes regarding prostitution as consenting sex or sexual exploitation. Sex buyers had significantly less empathy for prostituted women than did non-sex buyers. Sex buyers acknowledged fewer harmful effects of prostitution on the women in it and on the community. Non-sex buyers more often saw prostitution as harmful to both the woman herself and to the community as a whole. As in other studies of sex buyers, sex buyers expressed ambivalence, guilt and negative thinking about buying sex. They felt just as many negative feelings after buying sex as they did before. Many sex buyers sought sex that lacked emotional connection. They had little objection if the woman they purchased pretended to like them or actively disliked performing the act of prostitution. Sex buyers repeatedly commented that they liked the power relationship in prostitution and that they liked the freedom from any relationship obligation. The sex buyers masturbated to pornography more often than non-sex buyers, imitated it with partners more often, and had more often received their sex education from pornography than the non-sex buyers. Over time, as a result of their prostitution and pornography use, sex buyers reported that their sexual preferences changed such that they sought more sadomasochistic and anal sex. Significantly more of the sex buyers compared learned about sex from pornography compared to the non-sex buyers. When asked how much they agreed with the statement, "Most men go to prostitutes once in a while," we found that about half the sex buyers normalized their use of prostitution by suggesting that most men do it, whereas the non-sex buyers did not tend to make that assumption. Both sex buyers and non-sex buyers evidenced extensive knowledge of the physical and psychological harms of prostitution. Two thirds of both the sex buyers and the non-sex buyers observed that a majority of women are lured, tricked, or trafficked into prostitution. Many of the men had an awareness of the economic coercion and the lack of alternatives in women's entry into prostitution. Almost all of the sex buyers and non-sex buyers shared the opinion that minor children are almost always available for prostitution in bars, massage parlors, escort and other prostitution in Boston. The knowledge that the women have been exploited, coerced, pimped, or trafficked failed to deter sex buyers from buying sex. Many of the sex buyers had used women who were controlled by pimps at the time they used her for sex. Sex buyers in this study seemed to justify their involvement in the sex industry by stating their belief that women in prostitution are essentially different from non-prostituting women. Both sex buyers and non-sex buyers subscribed to the theory that prostitution reduces the likelihood of rape. Although half of the study‘s sample did not buy sex, many of them were tolerant of prostitution for men who did. These findings suggest that efforts to deter sex buyers should expand their focus from men who buy sex to the general public's attitudes that support prostitution. Both sex buyers and non-sex buyers agreed that the most effective deterrent to buying sex would be to be placed on a registry of sex offenders. Other effective deterrents included public exposure techniques such as having their name or photo publicized on a billboard, newspaper, or the Internet. Spending time in jail was considered an effective deterrent by 80% of sex buyers and 83% of non-sex buyers. Educational programs were considered the least effective deterrent by both groups of men. Taken together, these findings - a range of criminal activity in addition to prostitution, nonrelational sexual preference, a high number of sex partners, extensive pornography use - interact and increase the likelihood of future violence against women, according to other studies cited in this report. Our finding that the sex buyers are involved in these criminal activities suggests that sex buying should be considered in that context. State and federal laws against prostitution and trafficking should be enforced against johns. Sex buyers hold extensive information about pimps, coercion, trafficking, and the harms of prostitution to the women in it. This information is not yet fully used by law enforcement and could be useful. This study strengthens proposals that educational programs aimed at sex buyers should be implemented subsequent to sentencing, not in lieu of it. The crimes sex buyers commit suggest that existing intervention strategies for batterers and sex offenders are resources for development of interventions for arrested johns. Their crimes also justify mandatory DNA testing. Details: San Francisco: Prostitution Research & Education, 2011. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Paper presented at Psychologists for Social Responsibility Annual Meeting July 15, 2011, Boston, MA.: Accessed September 1, 2011 at: http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdfs/Farleyetal2011ComparingSexBuyers.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdfs/Farleyetal2011ComparingSexBuyers.pdf Shelf Number: 122579 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution

Author: Wainer, Lisa Title: Understanding the Extent and Nature of Serious Sexual Violence in the London Borough of Hackney Summary: Recent increases in the levels of serious sexual violence (SSV) in the London Borough of Hackney prompted its Community Safety Partnership (CSP) to commission – with financial assistance from the Home Office – a research project to look at this crime problem in more detail. More specifically, we were tasked to find out more about the real extent and nature of these offences in the Borough, through the analysis of various data sources. The main concern was that, due to high levels of under-reporting, any information that could be gathered from police recorded data alone would be limited. This is why we combined the analysis of these data with information provided by various partner agencies, who not only gave us an insight into the type of scenarios they were dealing with (and how often these occurred – sometimes supplemented with their own recorded data) but also offered their views as to what the barriers to reporting may be. This document, the final report, summarises the findings from these analyses. First, a brief overview of the literature is provided, which aims to set the research in context and give an indication of what is already known about this crime problem and why it is often under-reported. We then describe the data sources employed in the research, within the Methodology section. After this, the findings from the analyses of, first, the police recorded crime data and, second, the interviews are presented. The last section of the report offers a set of summary and conclusions, which incorporate recommendations for policy and practice. Details: London: UCL Department of Security and Crime Science Jill Dando Institute, 2011. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 11, 2011 at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/scs/publications/downloads/hackney-march2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/scs/publications/downloads/hackney-march2011.pdf Shelf Number: 122745 Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse Prostitutes Prostitution Sexual Assaults Sexual Violence (London) Violence Against Women

Author: Rosenberg, Ruth Title: Tackling the Demand that Fosters Human Trafficking: Final Report Summary: Without demand for commercial sex and for products produced with forced labor the ability of persons to make vast amounts of money by enslaving others would be decreased. Despite the importance of reducing demand to combat trafficking in persons, there is a dearth of information about good practices in demand reduction. The USAID Europe and Eurasia Bureau’s Social Transition Team’s new publication, Tackling the Demand that Fosters Human Trafficking aims to begin to fill those gaps in knowledge. This new report analyzes information on demand for prostitution and inexpensive labor from the Europe and Eurasia region as well as countries around the world, and includes a variety of good practices in addressing the issue. Concrete ideas and tools detailed in the report will help policymakers and practitioners alike to integrate demand reduction activities into anti-trafficking and other relevant programming. Resources and tools discussed in the report include: analysis of legislation and its impact; education programs and curriculum for youth; guiding principles, handbooks, and other resources for businesses; product standards, certification, voluntary cooperation and codes of conduct; and information on trade unions and NGO activities and resources. Details: Washington, DC: United STates Agency for International Development, 2011. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 16, 2011 at: http://socialtransitions.kdid.org/sites/socialtransitions/files/resource/files/Tackling_the_Demand-_Final_8-29-11.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://socialtransitions.kdid.org/sites/socialtransitions/files/resource/files/Tackling_the_Demand-_Final_8-29-11.pdf Shelf Number: 122650 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Goodlin, Wendi E. Title: Not Your Typical "Pretty Woman": Factors Associated with Prostitution Summary: Criminologists have long been interested in sex work, particularly prostitution. However, the research in this area has been very uneven and has produced conflicting results. The goal of the current research is to move forward in filling the gaps in our knowledge of the lives of women involved in prostitution and to better understand the factors associated with their initial involvement. Three sociological theories guide the analysis: general strain theory, control theory, and social learning theory. The major hypotheses predict that experiencing sexual abuse and exposure to delinquent peers increase the odds of prostitution whereas high levels of parental attachment and supervision decrease the odds of prostitution. These relationships are examined further using mediating and moderating variables, including running away from home, psychological distress, and drug use. The data upon which this research is based come from The Ohio Lifecourse Study (OLS), a multi-wave dataset of household and institutionalized respondents. Variables central to the analysis come from items that ask how often the respondent has been paid to have sex and a variety of other items that measure contentious family environment, sexual abuse experienced as a child, parental supervision and attachment levels, the influence of peers, their self-esteem and depression levels, and the use and abuse of drugs. Importantly, although the OLS is a highly delinquent sample, it is not a prostitute-biased sample. In addition, the OLS contains a variety of respondents, including those not involved in prostitution, prostitutes who were abused as adolescents, those who were also abused as adolescents but did are not prostitutes, and those of different races. Thus, although the sample is highly delinquent, there is much variation among respondents on key variables including abuse, supervision, running away, and drug use/abuse to name a few. Furthermore, because the OLS contains both quantitative data and qualitative life history narratives, the latter serve as an important supplement to the former and provide rich and nuanced detail not obtainable from the quantitative analyses. Binary logistic regression analyses show support for the hypothesis that higher levels of sexual abuse increase the odds of prostitution (strain theory), but this relationship is not mediated by running away as argued in previous research. On the other hand, there is little support for the hypothesis that higher levels of parental attachment decrease the odds of prostitution (social control theory); however, this could be a result of the sample being highly delinquent or the lack of variation among respondents on the parental attachment variables. In contrast, there is evidence that higher levels of supervision decrease the odds of prostitution (social control theory). In addition, there is support for the hypothesis that those with delinquent friends have higher odds of prostitution than those without delinquent friends (social learning theory). Moreover, there is support for racial and job status differences. For example, blacks have consistently and significantly higher odds of prostitution than whites and those who are unemployed or employed part-time have consistently and significantly higher odds of prostitution than those with full time jobs. Finally, with the exception of parental caring and trust, most of the moderating variables are not found to be significant. Details: Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University, 2008. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed September 29, 2011 at: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi/Goodlin%20Wendi%20Elizabeth.pdf?bgsu1225748517 Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi/Goodlin%20Wendi%20Elizabeth.pdf?bgsu1225748517 Shelf Number: 122942 Keywords: Drug Addiction and Abuse Prostitutes Prostitution Runaways Sex Workers Sexual Abuse

Author: National Gang Intelligence Center Title: 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment: Emerging Trends Summary: According to the 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment released by the National Gang Intelligence Center (NGIC), approximately 1.4 million gang members belonging to more than 33,000 gangs were criminally active in the U.S. as of April, 2011. The assessment was developed through analysis of available federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement and corrections agency information; 2010 NDIC National Drug Threat Survey (NDTS) data; and verified open source information. "Gangs continue to expand, evolve, and become more violent. The FBI, along with its federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement partners, strives to disrupt and prevent their criminal activities and seek justice for innocent victims of their crimes," said Assistant Director Kevin Perkins, FBI Criminal Investigative Division. Other key findings are as follows: - Gangs are responsible for an average of 48 percent of violent crime in most jurisdictions and up to 90 percent in several others, according to NGIC analysis. - Gangs are increasingly engaging in non-traditional gang-related crime such as alien smuggling, human trafficking, and prostitution. - Gangs are also engaging in white-collar crime such as counterfeiting, identity theft, and mortgage fraud. - Gangs are becoming increasingly adaptable and sophisticated, employing new and advanced technology to facilitate criminal activity discreetly, enhance their criminal operations, and connect with other gang members, criminal organizations, and potential recruits nationwide and even worldwide. Details: Washington, DC: National Gang Intelligence Center, 2011. 104p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 22, 2011 at: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment/2011%20National%20Gang%20Threat%20Assessment%20%20Emerging%20Trends.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment/2011%20National%20Gang%20Threat%20Assessment%20%20Emerging%20Trends.pdf Shelf Number: 123088 Keywords: Gang Violence Gangs (U.S.) Human Trafficking Organized Crime Prostitution Smuggling

Author: Seib, Charrlotte Title: Health, Well-being and Sexual Violence among Female Sex Workers: A Comparative Study Summary: Prostitution has been documented in most societies, although the context in which it occurs may vary greatly. In Queensland, Australia, sex workers can operate from legal brothels or privately but all other sectors of the sex industry are prohibited. It is assumed that regulation of the sex industry through legalization leads to better health and social outcomes for sex workers and their clients. However, this assumption has rarely been subjected to empirical scrutiny. This research examined the occupational health and safety of female sex workers in Queensland and explored the relationship between legislative change, workplace violence, mental health and job satisfaction. Sex workers interviewed in 2003 (after legalisation) were compared to a prior study of this population conducted in 1991 (before official regulation of the sex industry). Further, in-depth analysis of the 2003 cohort compared sex workers employed in legal and illegal sectors, to assess violence, health status and job satisfaction. Methods: Cross-sectional, convenience sampling was used to collect data from female sex workers in 2003. This data was compared with data collected earlier (in 1991) and explored differences in the two samples using bivariate analysis. Similar recruitment strategies on both occasions were used to recruit women from all known sectors of the Queensland sex industry. The 1991 comparison sample (Boyle et al. 1997) included 200 women (aged between 16 and 46 years), and in 2003, 247 women (aged 18 to 57) participated. The 2003 sample included workers from legal brothels (n=102), private sole-operators (n=103) and illegal street-based sex workers (n=42). Using data collected in 2003, this study assessed the relationship between physical and mental health and job satisfaction and two main independent variables, i.e., current work sector and recent workplace violence. Bivariate analysis of physical health and independent variables showed no significant relationships and therefore further analysis was not undertaken. However, analysis of mental health and job satisfaction showed complex interactions between multiple variables and therefore linear modeling was performed to adjust for confounding. Results: Analysis of the 1991 and 2003 samples showed little apparent change over time in self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs). There were substantial changes over time in the types of sexual services being provided to clients, with the 2003 sample more likely to provide 'exotic' services. Violence experienced ever in their lifetime differed; in 1991, 29% reported having ever been raped compared with 42% in 2003 (p= <0.01). In 2003, 50% of illegal sex workers reported having ever been raped by a client compared with 12% of private sex workers and 3% of brothel-based sex workers (p=<0.01). Overall, the sex workers reported roughly equivalent job satisfaction to Australian women. A desire to leave the sex industry was most strongly correlated with reduced job satisfaction (p=<0.01). Satisfaction was also relatively low among those whose family was not aware of their sex work (p=<0.01). Similarly, the mental and physical health of this sample was comparable to age-matched women from the general population. Wanting to leave the sex industry was most strongly associated with poor mental health (p=<0.01), as was recent sexual or physical assault by a client (p=0.06) and the woman's main work sector (p=0.05). Illegal sex workers reported substantially lower mental health scores than their counterparts in legal sex work. Conclusions: Self-reported STI diagnosis was high in these samples but the prevalence appears not to have changed over time. Comparing 2003 to 1991, there were trends towards safer and more diverse sexual practices. It is likely the sex industry has 'professionalized' and now includes more sex workers providing specialist, 'exotic' services. This sample of female sex workers reported high rates of violence, with those working illegally at greatest risk. Analysis suggests a complex interaction between variables contributing to mental health and job satisfaction. In general, it appears that the majority of sex workers enjoyed at least as much job satisfaction as women working in other occupations. It also appears that this sample had equivalent mental health to women from the general population, although the sub-group of illegal workers generally had poorer health. Job satisfaction and the extent of workplace hazards (especially risk of violence) were also strongly associated with different sectors of the sex industry. It is probable that legalisation has benefited some (perhaps most) but there are health and safety concerns for those outside the legal framework. Legislative reform should focus on violence prevention, promoting reporting of violent events to police, and further exploration of the impact of legislation on the health of workers in the sex industry. Details: Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology, 2007. 254p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 25, 2011 at: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16398/1/Charlotte_Seib_Thesis.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Australia URL: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16398/1/Charlotte_Seib_Thesis.pdf Shelf Number: 123124 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Australia) Sexual Violence

Author: Orfano, I. Title: Headway – Improving Social Intervention Systems for Victims of Trafficking Summary: Even though in the last decade many anti-trafficking initiatives have mushroomed throughout Europe, a lot still needs to be done. Human trafficking has a complex, multidimensional and ever-changing nature and often public and private service providers do not possess the proper instruments or approaches to respond to the needs of trafficked. Furthermore, the existing knowledge mainly concerns trafficking of women and girls into the sex industry (mostly street prostitution, more rarely behind-closed-doors prostitution). Very little is known about other forms of trafficking (i.e. for forced labour, begging, illegal activities, organ transplants, illegal adoption or forced marriage) and about other victims (minors, men or transgender people). Interventions frequently remain experimental, disjointed and not implemented as part of a structured, consistent and integrated model. This situation undermines the operators’ opportunities to acquire comprehensive knowledge of the phenomenon and of the practices of intervention and co-operation that already exist within the anti-trafficking sector and, consequently, it reduces their ability to provide proper support to trafficked persons. Given this scenario, within the framework of the EQUAL Community Initiative of the European Union), the Development Partnerships (DPs) of Headway – Improving Social Intervention Systems for Victims of Trafficking), developed and implemented a transnational multi-activity project. This was based on the rationale that exchanges co-operation between agencies concerned with victim assistance in the countries of origin, transit and destination – and represented within the transnational partnership – are crucial for the development and improvement of the standards and tools needed to monitor the phenomenon. Collaboration is equally essential for strengthening the social interventions intended to protect and assist trafficked persons and to improve their prospects of social inclusion and access to the labour market. The national DPs, which represent very different regional and national contexts (Estonia, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Poland and Portugal) and multidisciplinary compositions of public and private agencies, worked together for more than two years in order to achieve the following goals: – to broaden and share the level of knowledge as regards the phenomena of human trafficking (Activity 1) and the legislative systems (Activity 2) that protect victims of trafficking and prosecute the crime; – to collect examples of good practice interventions supporting the social and labour market inclusion of trafficked persons in their countries of destination and origin, seeing if innovative approaches can be applied elsewhere (Activity 3); – to analyse and compare current monitoring systems and jointly to develop common tools and mechanisms aimed at effectively and regularly monitoring different forms of human trafficking (Activity 4). Through the implementation of a monitoring mechanism and the mapping of available services it is possible, on the one hand, to improve the quality of the existing services and, on the other, to plan innovative ad hoc interventions capable of addressing the needs of trafficked persons in particular; – to map out existing interventions (Activity 5) and to link up various anti-trafficking activities through the establishment of an online transnational database (Activity 6). This database can then contribute to the prompt referral of trafficked persons to the appropriate service provider/s (locally, nationally or internationally) and can supply the necessary information about services available in a given place to the agencies engaged in the field. This publication thus contains the main results achieved by the Headway DPs over more than two years of co-operation in developing common methodologies and understandings of rather complex issues. Following this brief introduction, the publication offers an executive summary in seven different languages: English (the working language used) and the six national languages of the DPs: Estonian, German, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish and Portuguese. In Chapter One there is an analysis of the literature on trafficking as regards Estonia, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Poland and Portugal, and a brief overview of the phenomenon, as described in the seventy-one selected publications. Chapter Two brings together the national legal frameworks covering human trafficking and related areas in the partner countries. It also presents a brief analysis of the identified strengths and shortcomings of the national frameworks that support trafficked persons and fight trafficking. Chapter Three presents thirty-one selected examples of good practice in the field of protection of trafficked persons and prevention of trafficking in human beings in the six European partner countries, in order to promote a transnational exchange of practical experiences, working methods and results achieved. Chapter Four contains the main findings of the analysis and comparison of existing systems for monitoring human trafficking and the services available for trafficked persons in the partner countries and some other selected countries. It also describes what a monitoring system should look like, as well as putting forward a proposal to draft and implement a European model of monitoring trafficking phenomena. The main characteristics and the functioning of the Headway database are described in Chapter Five. The Headway database is a transnational database of organisations and institutions working on trafficking and is intended to be a tool that facilitates contacts between them and any other interested bodies. Given the lack of exposure usually suffered by the outcomes of external evaluation of projects, the Headway partners decided to include a specific chapter devoted to this in the publication, so contributing to the future work of the partners and of other agencies in the field. Thus, Chapter Six includes the observations of the external evaluator as to the project’s relevance, effectiveness, and sustainability. Finally, in the Annexes section, descriptions of the national DPs are provided, as well as their contact details. Details: Warsaw: Headway. Improving Social Intervention Systems for Victims of Trafficking Project, 2007. 243p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2011 at: http://lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/319%20Headway%20Project.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Europe URL: http://lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/319%20Headway%20Project.pdf Shelf Number: 112350 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Victims of Trafficking

Author: Netherlands. National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Human Trafficking: Ten Years of Independent Monitoring Summary: This report marks the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the post of National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings as an independent monitoring mechanism of the Netherlands’ efforts to combat human trafficking. It also marks ten years of making recommendations, 200 in all. Many of those recommendations have been acted upon, the importance of some has receded and others have been regularly repeated. This report outlines the progress made in efforts to tackle human trafficking in the Netherlands over the last ten years in light of those recommendations. This report contains no new recommendations. Nevertheless, the contents clearly illustrate the aspects of the fight against human trafficking that still give cause for concern and demand vigilance. New developments are highlighted that might present a different kind of challenge in the efforts to combat human trafficking. Political and public attention for the subject of human trafficking has grown in the last ten years. Tackling human trafficking is a priority for the police and the public prosecution service. The growing public and political awareness of human trafficking has also increased the abhorrence of this abject form of crime. The political outrage is reflected in the decision to raise the maximum sentences for this serious offence with effect from 1 July 2009. At the same time, the statistics show that the number of criminal cases registered by the district offices of the public prosecution service has fluctuated over the years and that in 2009 the figure was lower than in 2000. The statistics also show that the proportion of custodial sentences of less than one year is increasing, while prison sentences of more than four years are declining, both in first instance and on appeal. Any self-respecting society should do everything in its power to ensure that the five Ps, prevention, protection, prosecution, punishment and partnership, which together form the cornerstone of efforts to combat human trafficking, are a constant and integral facet of anti-trafficking policies and their implementation in practice. That was also the message conveyed by the European Court of Human Rights in its judgment in the case of Rantsev versus Cyprus and Russia. Effective progress depends on cooperation between the various actors responsible for implementing the 5P paradigm. Enormous efforts have also been made in this respect in recent years. But cooperation in the anti-trafficking chain is not in itself a magic formula. Success demands a constant willingness on the part of every actor to help find solutions for those elements of the paradigm that are not necessarily their own direct responsibility. Human trafficking is a worldwide problem. Although roughly a quarter of the registered victims in the last ten years were Dutch, the majority are still people who have fled from poverty in their own country in search of a more dignified existence, only to end up being exploited in the sex industry or in other sectors. Their experience is vividly illustrated by ‘Journey’, an exhibition that BNRM is bringing to the Netherlands to mark its tenth anniversary. The exhibition tells the story of a young East European girl who was trafficked for the purpose of exploitation in prostitution in the United Kingdom. The exhibition makes a deep impression and provides inspiration for continuing the fight against human trafficking. For the last ten years the Rapporteur has held a mirror up to the agencies engaged in the fight against human trafficking in the Netherlands. They have looked in that mirror. Details: The Hague: BNRM, 2010. 237p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2011 at: www.bnrm.nl Year: 2010 Country: Netherlands URL: Shelf Number: 123154 Keywords: Child Prostitution Human Trafficking (Netherlands) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Turner, Jackie Title: Nordic Baltic Pilot Project for the Support, Protection, Safe Return and Rehabilitation of Women Victims of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation: Evaluation Report Summary: The Nordic Baltic Pilot Project for the Support, Protection, Safe Return and Rehabilitation of Women Victims of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation ran from Oct 2005 to Dec 2008 with two key objectives; 1. to develop a regional programme for the provision of support services to women victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, and 2. to strengthen the gender equality perspective in policies, programmes and anti-trafficking initiatives, especially in victim support services. This report comprises an 'after the fact' evaluation of this project, conducted towards the end of the pilot project, and combines process and outcome discussions, provides an overview of the project's achievements, discusses some of the remaining challenges and concludes with guidance for future priorities. Details: London: London Metropolitan University, Chld and Woman Abuse Studies Unit, 2008. 40p Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2011 at: www.cwasu.org/filedown.asp?file=nordic_baltic.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 123155 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Baltic Region) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: U, Nicol Title: Risky Business: Sex-work and Young Southeast Asian American Women in Oakland Summary: This paper seeks to analyze why many young Southeast Asian American women in Oakland, California, are going into sex-work. I investigate the cultural and social factors that contribute to their popularity as sex-workers, as well as examine the existing structural problems that have led them to sex-work. I also begin to illuminate how these young Southeast Asian American women understand their own reasons for going into sex-work. The number of minors entering sex-work continues to increase, globally, nationally and locally, yet past and current literature tend to overlook the unique problems that exist at the local level that are tempting young women into sex-work. Research on young women and sex-work has identified sexual abuse, drug use and homelessness as risk factors that often lead minors into sex-work, but these risk factors do not apply to the population of young SEA American women in Oakland. Through studying this population who have been in or are at risk of entering sex-work, I attempt to complicate previous arguments that victimize and/or criminalize young sex-workers, by looking at the ways in which these young Southeast Asian American women demonstrate agency within societal and structural constraints. Details: Berkeley, CA: Institute for the Study of Social Change, UC Berkeley, 2008. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: ISSC Fellows Working Papers: Accessed October 29, 2011 at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jv079jh Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jv079jh Shelf Number: 123175 Keywords: Asian American Women Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (California)

Author: Kalinkovich, L.N. Title: Trafficking in Persons in the Republic of Belarus Summary: Trafficking in women is a relatively new phenomenon to Belarus. At present there is not any objective official or other statistical data that points to the number of Belarusian women who have become the target of sexual or other forms of exploitation abroad. According to the information provided by the Department of Drugs and Morals of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Belarus, 215 Belarusian women, who had been victimized by criminal groups engaged in trafficking women to the brothels abroad, came to law- enforcement bodies for advice and protection in the year 2002. In January – April 2003, 96 women were officially recognized as victims of trafficking in persons. There is no doubt whatsoever that these figures do not fully reflect the problem discussed. The available information points to Belarus as a transit State (mainly due to its geographical position) and also as a country of origin because it plays an important role in providing foreign markets with victims of trafficking . Belarusian women are trafficked from practically all regions, towns and cities in the Republic. As workers of the sex industry, they can be encountered in almost every European city or in other countries of the world. The information they have read about successful employment abroad and the victim’s wish to conceal the type of her work she does, make them an easy prey for traffickers. According to the estimates of the Federal Department of Criminal Police of Germany, the majority of victims of trafficking in persons arrive to Germany from the States of Central and Eastern Europe (69% in 2001). The proportion of the victims of trafficking from the States of this region amounts to 83.2% of the total number of the identified victims. The highest number of victims (140 persons) come from Belarus. The number of trafficking victims from Belarus has increased three-fold in 2001. A similar tendency could also be observed in 2002. The officials of this Department estimate the number of Belarusian women subjected to sexual exploitation to be up to 50,000. Today the problem of trafficking in human beings in the Republic, including that in women, has received only initial examination and needs further study. The purpose of this research project is to study the dimensions and mechanisms of criminal activities relating to trafficking in persons in the Republic of Belarus, and to examine the criminal, legal and other measures being taken to combat this type of crime. The source of information used to conduct this study was the data available in the Republic of Belarus on individuals and criminal structures engaged in trafficking in persons in Western European countries, Middle Eastern countries and in some other countries. The major problems, which were examined during this study and the compilation of the booklet, were: Ø analysis of the international legal aspects of trafficking in persons; Ø elucidation of the concept of trafficking and analysis of the criminal and legal measures being taken to combat trafficking in persons in the Republic of Belarus; Ø study of the social, economic, demographic and other factors promoting trafficking in persons in the Republic of Belarus; Ø consideration of trafficking in persons as a type of organized criminal activity, and building the model of its functioning; Ø gathering information on the dimension and nature of criminal activities related to trafficking in persons in the Republic of Belarus; Ø study of the subjects and mechanisms of criminal activity, determination of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the organized criminal trafficking structures in the territory of the Republic, and determination of specific spheres of their activities; and Ø assessment of combating trafficking in human beings in the Republic of Belarus. The principal techniques used to collect information during the preparation of this publication were: conducting a study of the materials gathered by law enforcement and other State agencies on the problem in question; making an analysis of criminal proceedings initiated against the perpetrators and other accomplices in criminal offences relating to trafficking in persons; interviewing the officers of the units combating organized crime and trafficking in persons; gathering information on the victims of trafficking, and making an analysis of publications in mass media (newspapers, magazine). The above techniques were employed to obtain objective data that may be used to enhance the efficiency of law-enforcement agencies of the Republic in the detection, prevention and curbing of crimes related to trafficking in persons, as well as tohelp them carry out well-directed and effective operations aimed to combat trafficking in persons. Details: Minsk: International Organization for Migration IOM Office in the Republic of Belarus, 2004. 126p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 31, 2011 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/republic_of_belarus_oct07.pdf Year: 2004 Country: Belarus URL: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/republic_of_belarus_oct07.pdf Shelf Number: 107819 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Republic of Belarus) Organized Crime Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Bilger, Veronika Title: Study on the Assessment of the Extent of Different Types of Trafficking in Human Beings in EU Countries Summary: Action against trafficking in human beings has become an important issue on the political agenda of the European Union and its Member States during the last decade. The design of effective measures (those that aim to foster prevention, protect victims and prosecute traffickers) has been commonly agreed to be built on appropriate legal and regulatory framework, research, data collection and information management. The lack of systematically collected and managed statistical data relevant to trafficking in human beings is one of the main obstacles to the successful and effective implementation of anti-trafficking policies and efforts. Objectives • To elaborate appropriate background information and on to assess the extent of different forms of trafficking in human beings in 17 EU Member States (Austria, Bulgaria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, United Kingdom). Outcomes • Comprehensive overview of national data on THB in the 17 EU countries covered • Comprehensive overview of national legislation on THB and related areas in the 17 EU countries covered • Comparative Analysis of assessed extent of different types of THB in the 17 EU countries covered • 17 Country Reports on national legislation, national statistics, and assessments of national developments in regard to the extent of THB in 17 countries covered. • Minimum and maximum scenarios on the total (17 countries) extent of different types of THB following the legal and administrative distinctions between victims and perpetrators but also between cases and persons on. Details: Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2010. 448p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 10, 2011 at: http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Publications/THB_extent/Study_extent_of_THB_final_26Nov2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Publications/THB_extent/Study_extent_of_THB_final_26Nov2010.pdf Shelf Number: 123304 Keywords: Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Europe) Organ Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cunningham, Scott Title: Moonlighting: Skill Premia in Commercialized Sex Markets Summary: Prostitution is generally considered a low-skill industry; however, we demonstrate earnings returns to college education similar to those found for the labor market generally. College-educated sex workers receive little or no wage premium; however, they appear to receive important non-pecuniary returns in the form of “job amenities.” They also service more clients and provide longer client sessions, conditional on working, though they work less frequently. We show that these results are consistent with a labor supply model featuring both fixed and variable costs of supplying prostitute services, and argue that such a model may be able to reconcile the findings in the literature regarding the determinants of prostitute wages. Details: Waco, TX: Baylor University, Department of Economics, 2010. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 15, 2011 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1583510 Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1583510 Shelf Number: 123346 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Cunningham, Scott Title: Prostitution 2.0: The Changing Face of Sex Work Summary: Technological change in the prostitution industry has provided a wealth of data that supply a clearer picture of this poorly‐understood activity. The use of Internet technology for solicitation by sex workers has also raised important legal and regulatory questions. We provide a description of the new institutions that facilitate prostitution online, and supply some of the first evidence on several key parameters of interest to policymakers. First, we find that workers who solicit online largely represent growth in the overall prostitution market, as opposed to simple displacement of the off‐line, street‐focused market, although we find important displacement effects among sex workers in their 30s and 40s. Using a newly‐implemented survey, we also find that most sex workers who solicit online engage in lower risk behaviors than traditional street‐based workers; however, workers close to the margin for migration from outdoor work bring riskier business and sexual practices with them as they enter the off‐street sector. Details: Waco, TX: Department of Economics, Baylor University, 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 15, 2011 at: http://www.toddkendall.net/Pros20_Final.pdf Year: 0 Country: United States URL: http://www.toddkendall.net/Pros20_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 123347 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Husum, Alan R. Title: Prostitution and Trafficking: Trying to Understand Why Some Women Choose to Return to Prostitution Summary: This project aims to describe and unravel the complexities within prostitution and trafficking, paying special attention to the women who are re-trafficked and the reasons why. In doing so the report discusses various psychological, existential and cultural relations to women who are or have been trafficked, and the repercussions these have in the aftermath. Employing two vignettes as real life examples the project determines the most important factors, when helping trafficked victims who face the possibility of getting re-trafficked. Details: Roskilde, Denmark: Roskilde University, 2009(?). 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 22, 2011 at: http://rudar.ruc.dk/handle/1800/3157 Year: 2009 Country: Denmark URL: http://rudar.ruc.dk/handle/1800/3157 Shelf Number: 123417 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Lainez, Nicolas Title: A Foot In and a Foot Out: Sex Migration of Vietnamese Women to Singapore Summary: This study is the third in a series of three, the objective of which is to understand international mobility undertaken for the purposes of commercial sex purposes by low-skilled women from the Mekong Delta. In particular, this research addresses the migration of Vietnamese migrant entertainers to Singapore. This report is based on a five-month ethnographic investigation conducted in a boarding house of Vietnamese migrant entertainers in Singapore. It provides a unique picture of the social organization of the migration network operating between Vietnam and Singapore, and of the transient lives of Vietnamese entertainers in Singapore. The influx of migrant entertainers increased in Singapore in the early 1980s. The regional exchange network now includes women originating from all of the Southeast Asian countries. This includes Vietnamese, who appear to be a minority compared to other nationalities such as Filipina, Chinese, Indonesian and Thai. Singaporean authorities are undoubtedly concerned about the changing composition of the foreign entertainer population, and this is a contentious and sensitive issue in Singapore. At the same time, the authorities are concerned about enforcing the law on prostitution. The legislation does not criminalize the act per se. Rather, it enforces neutralization and containment in the Designated Red-Light Areas, as well as monitoring of the sex industry to keep exploitation and the spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS in check. Two-thirds of the Vietnamese migrant entertainers of the study were between 20 and 30 years old. A profile emerged in which slightly more than half originated from HCMC, and were lowly educated and unskilled. Family dissolution was an important feature, as nine women out of 16 were separated from their partners and four came to Singapore following a separation. These factors pushed half of the sampled migrant entertainers into prostitution in Vietnam before they decided to migrate. Their objective in coming to Singapore was to earn a substantial amount of money. Indeed, the expectation of high earnings was the chief pull factor due to the general assumption that Singapore is a rich “El Dorado” where foreign migrant entertainers can generate earnings of at least S$ 1000 (US$ 816) per month. This was a misconception on their part as many returned to Vietnam with less than that or empty pockets. In addition, a substantial part of the earnings – between US$ 1057 and US$ 1482 – was also used to cover travel and living expenses. The recruitment process of Vietnamese migrant entertainers reveals a complex network of exchange that links the Vietnamese operators within Singapore with the migrant entertainers in Vietnam. This informal and clientelist network is composed of migration brokers and their long-standing customers who introduce and assist new customers in the transnational movement between Vietnam and Singapore. The brokers are able to expand their customer base by incorporating the networks of their previous customers, who in turn become peers of the new recruits. The network appears to be a well-organized and non-exploitative voluntary exchange system. It functions effectively because of the symbiotic relationship between the migration brokers and the migrant entertainers. One of the key findings of this research is that trafficking for sexual exploitation of Vietnamese sampled women and minors to Singapore is irrelevant. As described in the report, three factors created transience in the life of the entertainers. Firstly, all entertainers entered Singapore on 30-day Social Visit Passes. This scheme does not allow foreign visitors to engage in any form of employment, including prostitution. Officials from the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) routinely refuse entry and expel Vietnamese female travelers suspected of coming to Singapore to work in the prostitution industry. Vietnamese migrant entertainers typically rely on professional migration brokers who provide services to enable their customers to slip through the net of the ICA. Secondly, after the expiry of their 30-day Social Visit Pass, the migrant entertainers of the study faced two options: they could either return to Vietnam or extend their stay in Singapore. The majority sought to avoid raising the suspicions of the immigration authorities and returned home for a few months, before coming back to Singapore. Those wishing to extend their stay had several methods at their disposal: extending the social visit pass, exiting and returning to Singapore to obtain a new social visit pass, acquiring a Performing Artist Work Permit, or getting genuinely or fraudulently married to a Singaporean citizen or permanent resident. The decision to extend the stay depended on personal motivations and financial resources, as well as on the availability of services provided by the Vietnamese migration broker and Singaporean sponsors. Lastly, the Anti-Vice Enforcement Unit (AVEU) relies on raids and on deportations as key mechanisms to control foreign prostitution in Singapore. Red light areas like Geylang, Joo Chiat and Orchard Towers are regularly raided, and arrested entertainers are deported to their home country at their own expense. As a consequence of these three factors, the Vietnamese migrant entertainers of the study were constantly straddling Singapore and Vietnam. They were only allowed to stay in Singapore for 30 days at any one time and upon the expiry of the pass, they would return to Vietnam, with the intention of returning at another time. Consequently, while living in Singapore, they were either looking for ways to extend their stay, or thinking about their return to Vietnam. This was pervasive: upon arrival, they were already thinking about the return trip, and vice-versa. They lived lives of transience and evanescence. In fact, even when they were physically in one space, they were mentally in the other. Details: Ho Chi Minh City: Alliance Anti-Trafic, 2011. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report No. 3: Accessed January 10, 2012 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/lainez_nicolas_footout_0112.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Asia URL: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/lainez_nicolas_footout_0112.pdf Shelf Number: 123542 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Tourism Sexual Exploitation

Author: Bandyopadhyay, Nandinee Title: Streetwalkers Show the Way: Reframing the Global Debate on Trafficking from Sex Workers’ Perspectives Summary: This paper documents action research and discussions on trafficking by Durbar, a network of 60,000 female, male and transgender sex workers in India. Durbar finds that the realities of trafficking as experienced by sex workers are very different from the myths. Durbar’s research found that while most of the sex workers they interviewed were poor and lacked options, they left home by their own choice, in search of better livelihoods, to escape violence or drudgery, or to seek love. Numerous agents, many of them known to the trafficked individuals, facilitated their subsequent travels and entry into sex work. Many of those trafficked into sex work were able to negotiate better terms within a year or two, after which they were free to leave but stayed in the industry because of the economic incentives, and because returning to their families was no longer an option due to the stigma associated with sex work. Durbar concludes that the fundamental cause of trafficking is the persistent demand for using trafficked workers who can be made to work without being provided fair wages or safe working conditions, thereby hiking the profit margins of the employers. Thus Durbar sees as most urgent the need to establish better labour standards in sex work, and support individual sex workers tackling exploitative situations. This includes supporting unwilling and underage sex workers by helping them decide what to do, rather than handing them over to the police where they are likely to face more harassment. Durbar has done this effectively through setting up ‘Self Regulatory Boards’ in sex work sites. To date Durbar has rescued a total of 560 unwilling women and underage girls. And in sites where Durbar works, the proportion of sex workers under 18 years old declined from 25.3 per cent in 1992 to 3.1 per cent in 2001. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2008. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 309: Accessed January 18, 2012 at: http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=940 Year: 2008 Country: India URL: http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=940 Shelf Number: 123650 Keywords: Human Trafficking (India) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Downes, Paul Title: Not One Victim More: Human Trafficking in the Baltic States Summary: Trafficking of women for sexual exploitation raises one of the most urgent and alarming challenges confronting states everywhere. A form of slavery which has thrived in an increasingly interconnected and globalised world, it defies easy resolution. Despite its prohibition in international and European law, and the fact that there have even been calls for its recognition as a crime against humanity, it is a phenomenon which has largely evaded legal attempts at resolution. In that context, this book makes an original, timely and far-reaching contribution to the debate around trafficking. Moving beyond the realm of legal anti-trafficking strategies, this victimcentred, empirical and multi-disciplinary work has resulted in an enlightening, multifaceted perspective on the difficult challenge of trafficking. Not only does this book provide an effective and much-needed platform for the victims of trafficking to record their experiences, but it also recognises and explores the possibilities of a holistic strategy in responding to trafficking, which harnesses both the co-operation of states and the expertise of a broad range of disciplines. Founded on a subtle empirical study of the experiences of the victims of trafficking, this book enables the victims of trafficking to convey their stories much more forcefully than abstract academic or statistical commentary ever could. The interviews of these victims facilitate examination of the reasons why these women become trapped by trafficking: mostly, poverty, despair, educational difficulties, inadequate socio-economic opportunities or coercion. They also convey the sense of isolation and social exclusion experienced by these women, the difficulties they have extricating themselves from trafficking after they have fallen victim to it, and the inadequacies of law in responding to their plight. By focusing on those who have fallen prey to trafficking as a result of the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the opening of the borders to the West, attention is also drawn to the cruel way in which trafficking exploits the innocent hopes of those crossing borders, in anticipation of new experiences and better lives. As for its multi-disciplinary perspective, this book recognises that antitrafficking strategies require not only international co-operation between states, but also inter-disciplinary contributions from psychology, law, social policy, economics and education. Insightful contributions are made here from all these disciplines, and throughout, the contributors write dispassionately, but sensitively, about this highly emotive issue, avoiding the brash, emotional and simplistic responses which can be so easily evoked in this context. While acknowledging that an ever-improving legal framework is important, emphasis is placed on the need for wide-ranging strategies which engage not only legislators, the police, prosecutors, and the courts, but indeed all state actors and nongovernmental organisations. Based on the evidence of the interviews, important practical recommendations are made which range from campaigns to increase awareness of the gravity of trafficking, to stricter monitoring of the standards of agencies arranging employment abroad, to training of state agents in dealing with trafficking, to counselling, return programmes, legal assistance and witness protection programmes for the victims themselves. Finally, while the themes and issues highlighted are explored in the context of the Baltic States, it is clear that the findings, conclusions and recommendations with regard to prevention, protection and prosecution have an application to wider European and international contexts. The rich combination of empirical work and multi-disciplinary perspectives provided by this book will make a meaningful and lasting contribution to the fight against trafficking of women for sexual exploitation. Details: Tallinn, Estonia: Living for Tomorrow, 2008. 302p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 19, 2012 at: http://www.lft.ee/tf.oigus/tf.failid/2006925174343/Not_One_Victim_More.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.lft.ee/tf.oigus/tf.failid/2006925174343/Not_One_Victim_More.pdf Shelf Number: 123668 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Baltic States) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Zhang, Sheldon X. Title: Sex Trafficking in a Border Community: A Field Study of Sex Trafficking in Tijuana, Mexico Summary: Sex trafficking has caught worldwide attention in recent years, often being portrayed as modern-day slavery. The United States, along with many countries, has taken an aggressive position on pursuing sex traffickers, pimps, and sex tourists, making the nation among the most inhospitable to human trafficking and prostitution. Despite widespread attention on sex trafficking, there has been little empirical research on the nature and process of sex trafficking activities. Most existing studies have relied on so-called expert sources (i.e., advocacy groups, shelters, and law enforcement agencies). This study gathered information from the two sources closest to this illicit enterprise - (1) prostitutes; and (2) pimps (or sex trade facilitators). Data for this study were primarily gathered in Tijuana, Mexico. It was hypothesized that human traffickers and sex industry operators might find Tijuana’s socio-political environment conducive to trafficking activities. Tijuana, the largest city on Mexico’s northern border, has long been a major tourism and weekend destination for Southern Californians. Its red light district draws a large number of visitors from both sides of the border. With more than 60 million people crossing the busiest international border annually, there is no shortage of demand for fringe services. Despite its geopolitical significance and the potential of spillover effects, to date there has been no empirical study on sex trafficking activities in Tijuana. This study is the first known empirical effort to fill this knowledge gap. The main questions in this study included: 1. To what extent, at what stage, and on what premises are deception, fraud, force, or coercion being used in the transportation of prostitutes into Tijuana? 2. To what extent and with what methods are human traffickers and sex industry operators managing trafficking activities and controlling prostitutes? 3. How do human traffickers and sex industry operators organize themselves and engage in business transactions? 4. What policy implications can be drawn to improve efforts by U.S. law enforcement and social service agencies to deter human trafficking and assist victims? Details: San Diego, CA: San Diego State University, Department of Sociology, 2010. 164p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 20, 2012 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234472.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Mexico URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234472.pdf Shelf Number: 123693 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Holmström, Charlotta Title: Prostitution in the Nordic Countries Summary: This report summarises the results of the research project “Prostitution in the Nordic Countries”, conducted by the Nordic Gender Institute – NIKK and commissioned by the Nordic Council of Ministers for Gender Equality. The aim of the project was to present and discuss research on prostitution and human trafficking for sexual purposes in the Nordic countries and the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. The project has compiled data on the extent of prostitution, as well as on both the legal and the social treatment of these issues. The report also presents results from quantitative and qualitative studies on attitudes to prostitution and human trafficking for sexual purposes. The project comprised eleven Nordic researchers from various disciplines and from all the Nordic countries. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers, TemaNord, 2009. 45p. Source: Conference Report, Stockholm Year: 2009 Country: Denmark URL: Shelf Number: 123752 Keywords: Denmark Finland Human Trafficking Iceland Norway Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sweden

Author: Thomas, Cheryl Title: Sex Trafficking Needs Assessment for the State of Minnesota Summary: The Advocates for Human Rights (“The Advocates”) prepared this needs assessment report at the request of the State of Minnesota Human Trafficking Task Force1 (“Task Force”) pursuant to its mandate from the Commissioner of Public Safety to conduct a human trafficking needs assessment and to develop a plan to prevent human trafficking. This report focuses solely on trafficking of persons for commercial sexual exploitation or prostitution as defined in federal law and Minnesota law. The findings of this report are based on interviews with 175 participants throughout the State of Minnesota. Interviewees included judges, prosecutors, public defenders, immigration attorneys, family law attorneys, probation officers, law enforcement officers, immigration officials, healthcare providers, service providers, social services and other stakeholders regarding their knowledge of and experiences with trafficked persons. Sex trafficking violates numerous human rights. Federal, state, and international laws compel an effective response from the government to address these violations. This report describes the legal framework and the various institutional and collaborative responses necessary to address these violations, including services to protect the fundamental human rights of trafficked persons and law enforcement actions to hold traffickers accountable for the crimes they have committed. Despite the increased attention to this problem in recent years, The Advocates has found that often the response of law enforcement is ineffective and the needs of trafficked persons remain unmet. This report includes recommendations to address the barriers to an effective, coordinated response to sex trafficking and to better meet the needs of trafficked women and children. Details: Minneapolis: Advocates for Human Rights, 2008. 214p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 1, 2012 at: http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/sites/608a3887-dd53-4796-8904-997a0131ca54/uploads/REPORT_FINAL.10.13.08.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/sites/608a3887-dd53-4796-8904-997a0131ca54/uploads/REPORT_FINAL.10.13.08.pdf Shelf Number: 112713 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking (Minnesota) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Gillings, Alison Title: An Investigation Into 'John's Schools' Summary: Historically, law enforcement agencies have focused on controlling prostitution by arresting and charging prostituted women. This method of dealing with prostitution is increasingly viewed as ineffective for several reasons: recidivism rates remain high for those selling sex; there is a greater acknowledgement of victimization experienced by those in prostitution; the arrested individual is typically charged a fine they cannot pay which often leads them back into prostitution; and arresting prostituted individuals does not address the underlying issue of the reasons why prostitution exists. In the mid-1990s, the “john” school concept was developed in an attempt to address prostitution by focusing on the demand for commercial sex. Research conducted by Monto (1998) suggests that men who purchase sex are not necessarily malicious, but often just unaware of the risks and societal implications. While a variety of “john” schools exist, each program is built on a similar fundamental model. In counties where “john” schools are offered, the offender may be given the opportunity to participate in a class (i.e. “john” school) as a diversion program or part of a criminal sentence. “John” schools educate men about the risks associated with prostitution and aim to deter men from purchasing commercial sex in the future. This report describes various “john” schools and details research on the efficacy of such programs. Details: Chicago: Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation, 2010. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 13, 2012 at: http://g.virbcdn.com/_f/files/2f/FileItem-149841-Johnsschoolreport.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://g.virbcdn.com/_f/files/2f/FileItem-149841-Johnsschoolreport.pdf Shelf Number: 124122 Keywords: Commercial Sex Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Work

Author: Ham, Julie Title: What's the Cost of a Rumour? A guide to sorting out the myths and the facts about sporting events and trafficking Summary: There has been a lot published on the supposed link between sporting events and trafficking, but how much of it is true and how much of it is useful? In this guide, we review the literature from past sporting events, and find that they do not cause increases in trafficking for prostitution. The guide takes a closer look at why this unsubstantiated idea still captures the imagination of politicians and some media, and offers stakeholders a more constructive approach to address trafficking beyond short-term events. We hope this guide will help stakeholders quickly correct misinformation about trafficking, develop evidence-based anti-trafficking responses, and learn what worked and what didn't in past host cities. Details: Bangkok: Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW), 2011. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2012 at http://www.gaatw.org/publications/What's_the_Cost_of_a_Rumour-GAATW2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.gaatw.org/publications/What's_the_Cost_of_a_Rumour-GAATW2011.pdf Shelf Number: 124408 Keywords: Evaluative Studies Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sporting Events

Author: Bowen & Shannon Frontline Consulting Title: Human Trafficking, Sex Work Safety and the 2010 Games: Assessments and Recommendations Summary: In 2007, Vancouver community organizations that work on issues related to sex work partnered with the Vancouver Police Department to establish the Sex Industry Worker Safety Action Group (SIWSAG). With a grant from the Government of British Columbia and support from the Vancouver Police Department, SIWSAG retained Frontline Consulting to produce a background study on the potential impact of the 2010 Olympic Games on the trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation and on safety issues for sex workers. The study explores these issues though the experience of cities that have recently hosted mega sport events. This study represents the first step of a multiphased 2010 Impact project that is being undertaken by SIWSAG. The concepts of trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation and sex work/prostitution have yet to be uniformly defined. Each term carries differing ideological frameworks and the attributes ascribed to each vary depending on political, social and economic contexts. Trafficking and sex work have a history of being conflated and this, compounded with political and economic agendas associated with global attention, combine to produce a myriad of responses that directly affect the lives of those identified as sex workers, victims of trafficking or both. Prostitution and trafficking activities as related to mega sporting events first came to public attention in Athens (2004) and Germany (2006). An increased number of sex workers and trafficking victims were expected to ‘flood’ into these locations during their respective mega events. Neither location experienced any increase that could be attributed to their hallmark event. The commonly held notion of a link between mega sports events, TIP (Trafficking in Persons) and sex work is an unsubstantiated assumption. Trafficking is an ongoing criminalized and clandestine activity in which victims either fear coming forward or have little opportunity to do so. For complex reasons, there have been no international trafficking convictions in Canada. International victims who seek to stay in Canada face significant challenges. There have been, to date, five domestic trafficking convictions in Canada. Canadian authorities estimate that up to 800 individuals are annually trafficked into Canada for the purposes of sexual exploitation. In Canada, communicating for the purpose of prostitution, procuring and keeping a bawdy house (brothel) are federal offences. The controversial debate around legalization, decriminalization and abolition of sex work was reignited as a result of the murder and abduction of 65 women in Vancouver’s sex industry during the 1990s. Aboriginal women’s advocates emphasize that the effects of colonial violence coupled with discriminatory legislation and a diminishment of Aboriginal women’s roles in society has led to their susceptibility to violence and exploitation. In Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside (DTES), it is estimated that more than 50% of the women who work on the street are Aboriginal women. Aboriginal women constituted a majority of missing women from the DTES during the period of 1995-2000. The Downtown Eastside is an economically deprived inner city neighbourhood with residents who are battling homelessness, poverty, drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, in addition to violence and povertyrelated criminal activity. Currently, DTES residents and service providers express increasing concern about the potential treatment of residents during the 2010 Games with many fearing that the authorities may seek to displace residents in an effort to reduce the impact of negative perceptions of the neighbourhood and simplify Games security requirements. Ten Olympic host cities were selected to contribute to this study and they include: Salt Lake City, Turin, Athens, Sydney, Atlanta, Germany, Calgary and Montreal, the UK and Vancouver. Contacts were invited to take part in telephone interviews or to respond via email. Vancouver contacts had the option of participating in a facetoface interview. Researchers reviewed 200 websites; 90 media articles, 88 academically reviewed journal articles, and 35 government reports in a quest to find information related to the project’s topics. Details: Vancouver: Sex Industry Worker Safety Action Group, 2009. 150p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2012 at http://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/report-human-trafficking-2010-games.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/report-human-trafficking-2010-games.pdf Shelf Number: 124554 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Workers Sporting Events

Author: Richter, Marlise Title: "Maybe it will be better once this World Cup has passed": Research findings regarding the impact of the 2010 Soccer World Cup on Sex Work in South Africa Summary: International sporting events are increasing in frequency and magnitude. It is estimated that the FIFA World Cup brought close to 400 000 visitors to South Africa in 2010. Little research has been conducted into the demand and supply of paid sex during big sporting events and where the topic has been explored, the focus tends to fall on speculation around human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation, rather than on adult, consensual sex work. This research project aimed to: Assess if there is a change in the demand for or supply of paid sex during an international sporting event; Track the number of clients and potential changes in sex work activity during the World Cup; Assess sex worker fears, expectations and experiences of the 2010 FIFA World Cup; and Gather information on sex worker mobility, frequency of health care visits, access to services, vulnerability to HIV, interactions with healthcare providers and interaction with police. The research project comprised of two components: a website component and a mixed-methods component. In the website component, we conducted a three-wave telephonic survey of female sex workers in the last weeks of May (pre-World Cup), June (during the World Cup) and July (post-World Cup) 2010. A sampling frame was constructed, by listing all sex worker profiles published on www.sextrader.co.za – a website with national coverage, containing over 1000 profiles of sex workers. Additionally, we listed sex worker profiles published in the adult section of the Classifieds in local newspapers in the greater Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town areas, through the website www.iol.co.za. In each wave, after discarding duplicate profiles, random number tables were used to select sex workers, who were then telephonically contacted until at least 220 respondents had accepted to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria were insufficient English language skills to understand or answer the questions, and being a male or transsexual sex worker. Participants were asked about their age; country of origin; current work area; number of clients in the past seven days; country of origin of their last client; and condom use with their last client. The mixed-methods component of the research project employed several research techniques and included the surveying of more than 2000 sex workers in Hillbrow, Sandton, Rustenburg and Cape Town. It tracked the changes in the sex industry over the period of May – September 2010 and explored sex worker experiences of the World Cup. It specifically investigated whether there were changes in the demand and supply of paid sex in these four research sites. A cadre of sex workers were trained as fieldworkers and ten fieldworkers per site were selected to conduct the research. Fieldworkers administered surveys to sex workers at three points in time – Phase 1: Pre-World Cup period; Phase 2: During the World Cup; and Phase 3: Post- World Cup period. In addition, between 10–20 sex workers each in Cape Town, Rustenburg and Hillbrow were invited to participate in Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and a “Diary Project” during the three points in time. Participants tracked their sex work transactions, number of clients, and interactions with the police and health care during the four-month period around the World Cup. Main Findings include the following: During the 2010 World Cup period, there was a small increase in the number of female sex workers who advertised online and in newspapers; Less non-South African sex workers advertised in newspapers and online than expected; There were not significantly more clients seen per sex worker during the World Cup period; A proportion of the local clients of sex workers who advertise in newspapers may have been temporarily replaced by foreign clients during the Soccer World Cup; Reported condom use was high, at 99%; Sex workers’ demographics did not change significantly during the World Cup period, indicating no major influx of young sex workers, for example. Demand and supply of sex work remained constant across the World Cup period. Our data also does not support fears about an increase of children or foreign migrant sex workers into the sex industry during the World Cup period; Health care contact with sex workers generally decreased during the World Cup period at a time where the increased resources presented an opportunity for health care expansion; Dedicated sex work-specific health care services and increased access to female condoms could address some of sex worker vulnerability to ill-health and HIV; Police contact with sex workers remained high and included police brutality, corruption and harassment. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: UNFPA SOuth Africa, 2010. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2012 at http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/SWEAT%20report%20-%20low%20res%20(2).pdf Year: 2010 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/SWEAT%20report%20-%20low%20res%20(2).pdf Shelf Number: 124556 Keywords: Prostitution Sex Workers Sporting Events

Author: Sahni, Rohini Title: The First Pan-India Survey of Sex Workers: A Summary of Preliminary Findings Summary: This summary, written under the aegis of the Center for Advocacy on Stigma and Marginalisation (CASAM), presents the preliminary results of the first pan-India survey on sex workers. These preliminary findings have been developed for an event in Mumbai on 30 April 2011. Over two years a sample of 3000 female and 1355 male and trans persons in sex work was drawn from fourteen states1 and one Union Territory through the coordinated effort of a number of organisations. The male and trans sex worker data is yet to be analysed and will be presented in the next phase. The survey pools a national sample divided by geographies, languages, sites of operation, migratory patterns, incomes, and cultures amongst other variables. Only sex workers beyond collectivised/organised (and therefore politically active) spaces were surveyed in order to bring forth the voices of a hitherto silent section of sex workers. „Women in prostitution‟ have always been the object of research, although they have not always been seen as „sex workers‟. They have often been seen as slaves and as trafficked women. Both sex trafficking and sex work are, “emotive issues about which much has been written with more passion than objectivity because they touch the core of our beliefs about morality, justice, gender and human rights.” (George, Vindhya and Ray, 2010) In the wake of HIV, there has been a renewed engagement with sex workers as subjects of research. However this research has been carried out to fulfil a range of purposes beyond those of interest to sex workers and findings have not always reflected the lives of sex workers, about which there are many assumptions. Studies of sex workers often reduce complex lives into simplistic binaries, most commonly: an understanding of female sex workers as freely engaging in, or forced into sex work. This is both inaccurate and insufficient. Much relevant information is ignored such as family and social-economic background, caste and religious segregations, sexual identities, marital status, not to mention work identities other than and in addition to sex work. This survey uses multiple variables to understand how their lives get constructed prior to and in sex work. While a growing number of first-person accounts have been articulated by sex workers and sex workers right activists, it is not entirely clear how representative their voices are. This report provides preliminary results of empirical research of a survey administered amongst sex workers nationally and has objectivity of assessment as one of its underlying aims. The survey allowed sex workers to express their work identities, both in sex work and out of it, providing flexibility to assert multiple work identities. What this study reveals is that in describing their working lives, a significant number of females move quite fluidly between other occupations and sex work. For example, a street vendor may search for customers while selling vegetables and a dancer at marriages may also take clients. It is not easy to demarcate women‟s work into neatly segregated compartments. Sex work and other work come together in ways that challenge the differentiation of sex work as an unusual and isolated activity. The survey pools together a sufficiently large national-level sample of females divided by geographies, languages, sites of operation, migratory patterns, incomes, cultures, to mention just a few of the variables. Rather than reducing the women to clichéd stereotypes we seek to bring to the surface their non sex-work histories, either alongside or prior to engaging with sex work. In doing so, we address some of the realities surrounding sex work in the country and demystify some of the polarised and often simplistic narratives, which paint such work in opaquely value-laden terms. Details: Maharashtra, India: Center for Advocacy on Stigma and Marginalisation, 2011. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 3, 2012 at: http://sangram.org/Download/Pan-India-Survey-of-Sex-workers.pdf Year: 2011 Country: India URL: http://sangram.org/Download/Pan-India-Survey-of-Sex-workers.pdf Shelf Number: 124808 Keywords: Prostitutes (India) Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Sahni, Rohini Title: The First Pan-India Survey of Sex Workers: A Summary of Preliminary Findings Summary: This summary, written under the aegis of the Center for Advocacy on Stigma and Marginalisation (CASAM), presents the preliminary results of the first pan-India survey on sex workers. These preliminary findings have been developed for an event in Mumbai on 30 April 2011. Over two years a sample of 3000 female and 1355 male and trans persons in sex work was drawn from fourteen states1 and one Union Territory through the coordinated effort of a number of organisations. The male and trans sex worker data is yet to be analysed and will be presented in the next phase. The survey pools a national sample divided by geographies, languages, sites of operation, migratory patterns, incomes, and cultures amongst other variables. Only sex workers beyond collectivised/organised (and therefore politically active) spaces were surveyed in order to bring forth the voices of a hitherto silent section of sex workers. „Women in prostitution‟ have always been the object of research, although they have not always been seen as „sex workers‟. They have often been seen as slaves and as trafficked women. Both sex trafficking and sex work are, “emotive issues about which much has been written with more passion than objectivity because they touch the core of our beliefs about morality, justice, gender and human rights.” (George, Vindhya and Ray, 2010) In the wake of HIV, there has been a renewed engagement with sex workers as subjects of research. However this research has been carried out to fulfil a range of purposes beyond those of interest to sex workers and findings have not always reflected the lives of sex workers, about which there are many assumptions. Studies of sex workers often reduce complex lives into simplistic binaries, most commonly: an understanding of female sex workers as freely engaging in, or forced into sex work. This is both inaccurate and insufficient. Much relevant information is ignored such as family and social-economic background, caste and religious segregations, sexual identities, marital status, not to mention work identities other than and in addition to sex work. This survey uses multiple variables to understand how their lives get constructed prior to and in sex work. While a growing number of first-person accounts have been articulated by sex workers and sex workers right activists, it is not entirely clear how representative their voices are. This report provides preliminary results of empirical research of a survey administered amongst sex workers nationally and has objectivity of assessment as one of its underlying aims. The survey allowed sex workers to express their work identities, both in sex work and out of it, providing flexibility to assert multiple work identities. What this study reveals is that in describing their working lives, a significant number of females move quite fluidly between other occupations and sex work. For example, a street vendor may search for customers while selling vegetables and a dancer at marriages may also take clients. It is not easy to demarcate women‟s work into neatly segregated compartments. Sex work and other work come together in ways that challenge the differentiation of sex work as an unusual and isolated activity. The survey pools together a sufficiently large national-level sample of females divided by geographies, languages, sites of operation, migratory patterns, incomes, cultures, to mention just a few of the variables. Rather than reducing the women to clichéd stereotypes we seek to bring to the surface their non sex-work histories, either alongside or prior to engaging with sex work. In doing so, we address some of the realities surrounding sex work in the country and demystify some of the polarised and often simplistic narratives, which paint such work in opaquely value-laden terms. Details: Maharashtra, India: Center for Advocacy on Stigma and Marginalisation, 2011. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 3, 2012 at: http://sangram.org/Download/Pan-India-Survey-of-Sex-workers.pdf Year: 2011 Country: India URL: http://sangram.org/Download/Pan-India-Survey-of-Sex-workers.pdf Shelf Number: 124808 Keywords: Prostitutes (India) Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Rao, Sandhya Title: Who Stole the Tarts? Sex Work and Human Rights Summary: The title of this monograph and all the chapter headings are drawn from Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Besides the allusion to tarts, the pejorative term for sex workers, the farcical fantasy of Alice’s adventures in the mythical Wonderland seems an apt reference to the unfamiliarity of the terrain, and Alice’s experiences echo much of our experiences in writing this paper. Coming as we do from decades of work using the human rights framework, it is indeed difficult for us to critique it. But we see the need to revisit this framework and do a reality check as to where it has succeeded and where it has failed. The successes are well documented and therefore we choose to dwell on areas where it has not delivered as promised. We claim that the human rights framework is a necessary but not a sufficient condition to address the problems faced by some populations, in particular the sex workers. We do not claim that it has failed entirely here either. However, there is a need to take into account the issues highlighted in this monograph. In addition the title reflects some of the absurd ways human rights are constructed and applied to sex workers. The attitudes of morality that surround sex work are mirrored in much of the tale. From ground experience, the human rights framework, in the context of sex work seems to be as farcical as the trial in Alice in Wonderland. Human rights, their violations, and lack of access to the universal justice that it purports to offer, and indeed the framework itself, is the focus of this paper. How does it work with sex workers? Through a literature survey and by talking to sex workers in unstructured interviews, this paper critically engages with the dilemma that human rights presents to those in sex work. The paper attempts to inspire a lively discussion on this topic rather than provide answers. Details: Maharashta, India: Sampada Gramin Mahila Sanstha (SANGRAM), 2009. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Monograph Series 4: Accessed April 4, 2012 at: http://sangram.org/Download/D1.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Asia URL: http://sangram.org/Download/D1.pdf Shelf Number: 124817 Keywords: Human Rights Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Asia)

Author: Center for Advocacy on Stigma and Marginalization (CASAM) Title: Beyond Vice and Victimhood: Content Analysis of Media Coverage on the Issues of Sex Workers Summary: This monograph is an attempt to examine the representation of sex workers and presentation of issues related to sex work and sex workers in the English print media through a micro-study of 1059 English-language newspaper/periodical clippings from a little over a decade starting in 1990. It comprises three in-depth analyses based on the extent of, the trends surrounding, and the nature of coverage of sex workers and their issues. The study explores the nature of presentation as well as representation and patterns over the years with reference to sex workers in print media in general and the English-language press in particular. The aim of the study was to examine media coverage of sex work to seek some clarity on the amount, extent, quality, and depth of this coverage and work towards improving the reportage on sex workers’ issues in print media. The clippings were obtained from Aalochana, a Pune-based women’s research and documentation centre. Details: Sangli, Maharashta, India: Sampada Gramin Mahila Sanstha (SANGRAM), 2008. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Monograph Series 1: Accessed April 4, 2012 at: http://sangram.org/Download/D2.pdf Year: 2008 Country: India URL: http://sangram.org/Download/D2.pdf Shelf Number: 124818 Keywords: Media Newspapers Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (India)

Author: Kaur, Manpavan Title: 'Recognising the Economic Relationship between Sex Workers and Sex Businesses Summary: This NTS Alert discusses the economic relationship between sex workers and sex businesses in Southeast Asia in order to critically examine hitherto narrow interpretations which posit an integral link between sex work and sex trafficking. Economic motivations of the sex industry can induce the voluntary entry of sex workers into the industry. This undermines the presumption that all sex workers are ‘victims ’ of trafficking. Hence, this NTS Alert highlights the importance of broadening the interpretation of sex work if the exploitation experienced by sex workers in Southeast Asia is to be adequately addressed. Details: Singapore: RSIS Centre for Non-Traditional Security (NTS) Studies for NTS-Asia, 2011. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: NTS Alert May 2011 (Issue 1): Accessed April 6, 2012 at: http://www.rsis.edu.sg/nts/HTML-Newsletter/alert/NTS-alert-may-1101.html Year: 2011 Country: Asia URL: http://www.rsis.edu.sg/nts/HTML-Newsletter/alert/NTS-alert-may-1101.html Shelf Number: 124858 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers (Asia)

Author: Kelly, Liz Title: Shifting Sands: A Comparison of Prostitution Regimes Across Nine Countries Summary: This study was commissioned by the Home Office as part of Tackling Demand for Prostitution Review (Home Office, 2008), to update a report undertaken in 2003 for Glasgow City Council (Bindel and Kelly, 2004). The original project examined legal and policy responses to prostitution in four countries. Here that is extended to nine with an enhanced methodology In this introductory section we set out the context and the conceptual framework for the study. Whilst there is widespread agreement across the UK that the current legal framework is problematic, there is no consensus with respect to the available options. As we noted in the first study, prostitution has proved to be a complex issue for politicians and policy makers, within contexts of changing local and international conditions. Some argue that it is possible to trace regulation of prostitution back to the classical age (Hubbard et al, 2008), but it is in the modern period that we find the roots of current debates. From the mid-nineteenth century to the late twentieth century there were two broad positions: the ‘abolitionist’ – seeking to abolish the institution of prostitution - and the ‘regulatory’ – which reluctantly accepts the inevitability of prostitution and the responsibility of the state to regulate it. More recently other possibilities have entered the arena: legalisation and de-criminalisation, both of which seek, in different ways, to bring prostitution into the mainstream of social and economic policy. Most policy analysis draws on some variant (and there are many) of these typologies, not helped by occasional contrary re-workings in which conventional definitions of, for example, abolitionism, are inverted. Most importantly for us the use of typologies as a shorthand has precluded the careful explication of precisely what activities, and/or individuals, and/or locations are criminalised, regulated, or normalised and in what ways. Our first point of departure is that existing typologies are not only inadequate, but frequently misleading. In reality most countries work with amalgams of at least two approaches – with few, if any, making prostitution in all contexts legal, and law and policy targeting aspects that are considered harmful – at minimum prostitution of minors and trafficking. Moreover, national frameworks are administered at local levels, leading to considerable variations in the extent, locations and regulation of sex markets within, not just between, countries. To reflect these complexities throughout this report we refer to ‘prostitution regimes’. We originally used this concept in the first study, it has simultaneously been developed by others including Joyce Outshoorn who defines it as: ‘laws and practices that shape prostitution… in distinctive ways’. Laws and practices are insufficient however, since, as following chapters will illustrate, historical contexts, political and philosophical underpinnings and existing evidence bases are all critical in shaping approaches. It is the combination of these five elements which comprise prostitution regimes in our thinking. To explore the political and philosophical underpinnings in a little more detail, one can frame prostitution through a range of concepts. At minimum it can be addressed as an issue rooted in: morality; heath; social problems; gender orders; human rights; law and order (including national security); migration; labour/employment; capitalism and globalisation. Within each of these framings particular understandings of risk, safety, violence and social (dis)order can be mobilised. Whilst specific frames can be used by governments of very different hues, and organisations with markedly different policy goals, certain framings lead towards or away from some policy options and determine which Ministries will have the leading policy implementation role. Details: London: Child & Woman Abuse Studies Unit, London Metropolitan University, 2009. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 11, 2012 at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100113210150/http://crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/crimereduction052a.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100113210150/http://crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/crimereduction052a.pdf Shelf Number: 124931 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Muico, Norma Kang Title: An Absence of Choice: The Sexual Exploitation of North Korean Women in China Summary: The sexual exploitation of North Korean women in China is a complex issue. It encompasses a wide range of situations and levels of complicity on the part of the woman. In cases of trafficking, women can be forced into marriage or the sex industry. The methods by which traffickers recruit women are deception, coercion and abduction. Although many women try to escape from their exploitative situation, others do not. Testimonies from trafficked women indicate that many remain because they feel helpless and powerless to change their situation. In the case of forced marriages, some women choose to stay because of the birth of a child and/or they have developed an emotional attachment to their husband. Several women trafficked into forced marriage and the sex industry have expressed the view that despite everything, their current situation is better than risking repatriation or starvation. Finally, not all North Korean spouses of Chinese men have been trafficked. In fact, many North Korean women allow a third party to sell them as brides to Chinese men or agree to an arranged marriage. Marriages involving undocumented North Korean women, however, are not legally binding and if the women are caught by the Chinese authorities, they - like any other irregular North Korean migrant - face deportation. Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2005. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 18, 2012 at: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2009/f/full_korea_report_2005.pdf Year: 2005 Country: China URL: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2009/f/full_korea_report_2005.pdf Shelf Number: 125017 Keywords: Forced Marriages Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation (China)

Author: Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Title: Tennessee Human Sex Trafficking and Its Impact on Children and Youth 2011 Summary: This study is an attempt to quantify and qualify the issue of trafficking domestically and within the state of Tennessee in particular. In the forthcoming pages, the scale of the problem is discussed using the combined knowledge of law enforcement and social service personnel in every county across Tennessee. There are indications that some professionals blame the victim or see trafficking (as it is federally defined) as a victimless crime. These are barriers to combat trafficking and have been indicated in other studies of sex trafficking. The problem of trafficking is not only a problem of supply and demand, but of understanding and training among professionals who may come across victims or potential victims of trafficking. The analyses of the study provided a great number of facts and figures; however, please take the time to read the case studies that are offered in this report. According to the experiences of TBI staff, these are not uncommon stories of women who have been forced or coerced into prostitution, or were prostituted at a young age (i.e., the very definition of trafficking). These case studies put a face on the problem. In essence, they humanize the victims of human sex trafficking. Details: Nashville, TN: Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, 2011. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 18, 2012 at: http://www.tbi.state.tn.us/documents/finaltnhumansextraffickingstudycolorrev2.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.tbi.state.tn.us/documents/finaltnhumansextraffickingstudycolorrev2.pdf Shelf Number: 125020 Keywords: Child Prostitution Human Trafficking (Tennessee) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Dockery, Sarah Title: Sex Trafficking in South Korea, Indonesia and China: Analyzing the Variance of Sex trafficking Levels through a Rational, Structural and Feminist Approach Summary: What explains the variance among levels of criminal participation in the sex trafficking industry in South Korea, Indonesia and China? As such, the dependent variable is the prevalence of criminal participation in the sex trafficking industry. South Korea is considered to have a low level of sex trafficking, Indonesia a medium level, and China a high level (these qualifications will be explained and discussed further later). As the research question suggests, this paper will explain sex trafficking through analyzing the role of the criminals who participate in trafficking victims, as well as the national environments in which they operate. Simply put, the international sex trafficking business would not exist without traffickers and the economic, social, political and legal contexts in which this activity takes place. The fact that individuals in different countries make the decision to become a criminal and engage in this industry fuels its persistence and growth. Instead of the victims or the consumers of the sex slavery, this paper will focus on the recruiters, traffickers, and exploiters to explain the prevalence of sex trafficking in South Korea, Indonesia, and China. One might simply conclude that South Korea has the lowest level of sex trafficking because it has the smallest population out of the three, and that China has the highest because it has the largest population. On a regional and global scale, however, the issue of sex trafficking is clearly much more complicated than that. Therefore, more complex and nuanced explanations need to be explored. To explain the variance in the prevalence of sex trafficking in these countries, three approaches will be employed: a rational approach, a structural approach, and a feminist approach. Through the rational approach, economic theories such as economic liberalism and concepts such as markets, supply, demand and comparative advantage will be utilized to explain the variation. Based on liberal economic factors and the nature of sex trafficking, this explanation hypothesizes that underdevelopment leads to higher levels of sex trafficking in a country. Second, a structural approach focuses on the role of the state as an institution. The paradigm of historical institutionalism will be coupled with Gary Becker’s economic model of crime, to analyze why individuals choose to become traffickers in this industry. Through this structural approach and Becker’s model of crime, we hypothesize that ineffective rule of law and law enforcement institutions lead to higher levels of sex trafficking. In this approach, the independent variable is the effectiveness of the institution of law enforcement, which determines of expected cost of sex trafficking. Finally, a feminist approach analyzes the role that gender inequality plays in sex trafficking in each case. Through the independent variable of gender inequality, high levels of gender inequality are hypothesized to yield higher levels of sex trafficking. Details: Memphis, TN: Rhodes College, 2010. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 18, 2012 at: http://www.operationbrokensilence.org/downloads/Dockery_Sex_Trafficking_Report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Asia URL: http://www.operationbrokensilence.org/downloads/Dockery_Sex_Trafficking_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 125021 Keywords: Human Trafficking Human Trafficking (South IKorea, Indonesia, China) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Operation Broken Silence Title: The Cleveland Backpage Report: An Analysis of Human Trafficking and the Online Commercial Sex Industry in Northeast Ohio Summary: The purpose of this study is to raise awareness of human trafficking and forced prostitution taking place within the online commercial sex industry of northeast Ohio. While the data will not always cite specific examples of human trafficking or forced prostitution, it addresses the supply of commercial sex advertised on cleveland.backpage.com and its connection to human trafficking. Commercial sex is illegal in Ohio. Despite its illegality, commercial sex can be easily and anonymously purchased while browsing the escort classifieds on Backpage. For this reason, we can confidently claim that Backpage is profiting from illegal enterprises and illicit trade. The escort classifieds are often used as a vessel for human trafficking and forced prostitution. This Cleveland Backpage Report exposes the connection between the online sex industry and human trafficking in Cleveland, Ohio and provides solutions for citizens, policy makers, law enforcement, and NGOs. Details: Cleveland, OH: Operation Broken Silence and the Imagine Foundation, 2011. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2012 at: http://imaginefreedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/backpage_report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://imaginefreedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/backpage_report.pdf Shelf Number: 125026 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Ohio) Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Nelson, Sue Title: Literature Review and Analysis Related to Human Trafficking in Post-Conflict Situations Summary: The review found a great deal of work on the subject of conflict and its effects on women, children, and gender-based violence; the gender aspects of peacekeeping; and human trafficking in countries that once were in conflict. However, very few of these works deal directly with the issues of conflict, human trafficking, and their interrelationships; even fewer works contain in-depth descriptions and analyses of conditions present in conflict and post-conflict situations, which particularly contribute to the emergence of human trafficking in post-conflict and neighboring countries. The exception is the growing body of work on child soldiers and women associated with the fighting forces (WAFF), recent works on human trafficking in women and girls for sexual exploitation in and around areas with peacekeeping missions, and the evolving links between post-conflict trafficking in persons and organized crime. From the literature review, most trafficking in post-conflict countries follows predictable patterns based on the country’s placement on the conflict spectrum. Immediately before and during conflict, human trafficking is primarily related to the recruitment and use of child soldiers1 and WAFF.2 At this stage, there is also human trafficking of refugees and displaced persons, especially for sexual exploitation or labor. Immediately following conflict, most child soldiers and WAFF victims are released and try to reintegrate back into civilian society—usually through a disarmament, demobilization, and rehabilitation (DDR) program. With the influx of large numbers of peacekeepers, human trafficking shifts toward prostitution of women and girls. In the post-conflict period, the lack of law and order and the large numbers of vulnerable and destitute populations, especially female refugees, IDPs, separated children, and war widows, contribute toward the country becoming a source and a transit point for human trafficking for sexual exploitation or forced labor. In this post-conflict climate, women and girls suffer disproportionately from lack of access to resources and education, thereby heightening their vulnerability to various forms of exploitation and human trafficking. In search of opportunities to improve their social, economic, and political situations in more developed cities or countries, yet lacking comprehensive information or access to legitimate migration programs, many of these persons fall victim to human traffickers. This phenomenon occurs not only in the immediate post-conflict period, but often well after the conflict has subsided. In some areas, such as the former Soviet Union and the Balkans, literature links post-conflict trafficking with organized and transnational crime. A few of the reviewed works also examine the role wealthier countries play as sources of demand and destination of trafficked persons. The literature review also revealed geographic patterns and trafficking trends. The work on child soldiers and WAFF is overwhelmingly related to the large number of continuing conflicts in Africa. The work on human trafficking and the presence of large numbers of peacekeepers tends to focus on the problems in the former Yugoslavia; however, more recent attention has turned toward trafficking for sexual exploitation in areas such as East Timor, Ethiopia and Eritrea, Afghanistan, and Iraq. The work on post-conflict trafficking is much broader- covering the former Soviet Union, Balkans, Africa, Southern Asia, South America and other areas of the world. Another emerging pattern is the heightened risk faced by displaced children and women before, during and after conflict. These risks include significant impediments and limited resources dedicated to poverty-alleviation and education programs, human rights awareness, rehabilitation and reintegration of victims within their home communities, as well as critical individual and public health risks from rising prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other related health complications. Among the most vulnerable populations are street children, IDPs and refugees. Yet, due to a lack of comprehensive data, population tracking, awareness-raising, multi-disciplinary examination of inter-related phenomena related to such persons in conflict and post-conflict situations, reliable information on their numbers, prevention and protection services and reliable indicators for measuring interventions for such victims are lacking. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development, 2004. 118p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2012 at: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/pubs/trafficking_dai_lit_review.pdf Year: 2004 Country: International URL: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/pubs/trafficking_dai_lit_review.pdf Shelf Number: 125022 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Ham, Julie Title: Moving Beyond 'Supply and Demand' Catchphrases: Assessing the Uses and Limitations of Demand-Based Approaches in Anti-Trafficking Summary: In the anti-trafficking sector, the concept of ‘demand’ typically refers to consumers’, employers’ and clients’ demands for services provided by or products produced by trafficked labour. Although ‘demand’ is widely mentioned in the anti-trafficking literature (see page 16, What do stakeholders usually say about demand?), most references to ‘demand’ don’t go beyond brief statements about: • Needing more research on ‘demand’; • Raising awareness to reduce demand; • Demand as a root cause of trafficking; and • Reducing demand as a trafficking prevention measure. Generally, two different demand-based approaches are discussed as anti-trafficking strategies: (1) calling for the elimination of the sex work sector, and (2) reducing the demand that enables exploitation in various sectors where trafficking occurs. ‘End demand for prostitution’ approaches have been most heavily promoted by prostitution abolitionists, who claim that penalising sex workers’ clients will help fight trafficking. Sex workers rights groups and some antitrafficking organisations (including GAATW) have strongly opposed criminal penalties against clients as this approach: • Has not reduced trafficking or sex work; • Threatens sex workers’ income security and working conditions, such as by increasing competition amongst sex workers, and increasing the vulnerability of sex workers who must negotiate with nervous and scared clients (i.e. less time for workers to determine whether a potential client is safe or not); • Has not stopped violent or abusive clients who are more experienced at evading law enforcement, but has ended up impacting less experienced clients and ‘good’ clients; • Dismisses and silences the concerns, priorities and knowledge of sex workers; • Muddles anti-trafficking efforts by confusing trafficking with sex work; • Increases police’s power over sex workers; and • Increases stigma against women in sex work. Sex workers’ rights groups and anti-trafficking allies have tried to shift the concept of ‘demand’ in a more rights-based direction by: trying to reduce the demand for unprotected paid sex (e.g. by empowering sex workers to demand condom use), reducing the demand for exploitative labour practices within the sex work sector, and increasing awareness among ‘demand’ or clients about treating sex workers respectfully and ethically. Many sex workers rights organisations also advocate for decriminalising consensual sex work while retaining existing criminal penalties against violence in sex work. They and their allies argue that decriminalisation of consensual sex work would: • Help prevent the misuse of anti-trafficking laws to punish women in sex work; • Impact the ‘demand’ for commercial sex by increasing women’s power to manage or negotiate working conditions with clients; • Assist anti-trafficking efforts by fostering cooperation between police and sex workers; • Reduce police violence against sex workers by changing the amount of power police yield over sex workers; and • Allow sex workers to report violence and exploitation to the police without fear of arrest. Another anti-trafficking approach to demand focuses on tackling the demand for exploitative labour practices, in any sector where trafficking can occur. In the sex work sector, re-framing demand-based efforts to reducing the demand for exploitative labour practices in sex work may provide a more productive, rights-based approach than the ‘end demand for prostitution’ approaches currently touted by prostitution abolitionists. The demand for exploitative labour practices (including, but not limited to the sex work sector) generally refers to labour that is: • Low cost - including non-payment or underpayment; • Easy to control - including keeping workers from leaving abusive situations; and • Unprotected - social attitudes that normalise or justify exploitation and discrimination, unregulated labour. The demand for low cost, controllable and unprotected labour can stem from globalised economic processes demanding increasingly flexible labour, and discrimination that can normalise or justify exploitation. Although migrant labour isn’t inherently exploitable, social and political processes can change migrant labour into labour that can be exploited. Migrant labour becomes cheap, controllable and unprotected when: • Labour market demands are undermined by immigration policies; • Migrant workers are labelled or constructed as ‘illegal’; and when • Discrimination against migrants is normalised or justified. Strategies to reduce the demand for exploitative labour practices include: • Creating legal migration channels for working-class migrant workers; • Ensuring coherence between immigration and labour policies; • Decriminalising migration and protecting migrants’ rights; • Enforcing labour standards and improving working conditions; • Reducing discrimination against migrants; • Raising awareness among investors and consumers on how they can help reduce demand. The usefulness of current ‘demand’-based approaches in anti-trafficking may be limited because: • The main focus on clients and consumers can mask significant structural factors that need to be addressed, including poverty and restrictive immigration measures; • Simplistic economic analogies of ‘supply and demand’ may not help to clarify complex social issues, such as trafficking; • Demand-based approaches fail to acknowledge migrants’ and workers’ own demands, motivations, aspirations, resistance strategies and recommendations; and • People talk about ‘demand’ and ‘supply’ as if they’re not connected. Efforts to reduce the demand for exploitative labour practices may be more effective if stakeholders: • Recognise the different ways supply and demand can shape each other, e.g. a large supply of cheap labour can increase the demand for domestic workers; • Focus efforts on reducing the ability of employers to demand vulnerable, exploitable labor, in any sector, not just the sex work industry; • Listen to the ‘supply’s (i.e. workers’) demands, such as the demand for safe migration opportunities, and the demand for safe working conditions. It could well be that problems about ‘demand’ would be best met with ‘supply’-side solutions (i.e. strengthening workers’ rights). For example, how do domestic workers’ organising efforts and labour protections change the expectations and behaviour of employers? Details: Bangkok, Thailand: Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, 2011. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2012 at: http://www.gaatw.org/publications/MovingBeyond_SupplyandDemand_GAATW2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.gaatw.org/publications/MovingBeyond_SupplyandDemand_GAATW2011.pdf Shelf Number: 125023 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Jennings, Kathleen Title: UN Peacekeeping Economies and Local Sex Industries: Connections and Implications Summary: “Peacekeeping economies” have not been subject to much analysis of either their economic or socio-cultural and political impacts. This paper uses a gendered lens to explore some ramifications and lasting implications of peacekeeping economies, drawing on examples from four post-conflict countries with past or ongoing United Nations peacekeeping missions: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Liberia, and Haiti. The paper is particularly concerned with the interplay between the peacekeeping economy and the sex industry. It examines some of the characteristics and impacts of peacekeeping economies, arguing that these are highly gendered – but that the “normalization” of peacekeeping economies allows these effects to be overlooked or obscured. It also contends that these gendered characteristics and impacts have (or are likely have) broad and lasting consequences. Finally, the paper considers the initial impacts of UN efforts to tackle negative impacts of peacekeeping economies, particularly the zero-tolerance policy against sexual exploitation and the effort to “mainstream” gender and promote gender equality in and through peacekeeping. The paper suggests that the existence and potential longterm perpetuation of a highly gendered peacekeeping economy threatens to undermine the gender goals and objectives that are a component of most peace operations. Details: Brighton, UK: MICROCON: A Micro Level Analysis of Violent Conflict, Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, 2009. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: MICROCON Research Working Paper 17; Accessed May 8, 2012 at: http://www.microconflict.eu/publications/RWP17_KJ_VNR.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.microconflict.eu/publications/RWP17_KJ_VNR.pdf Shelf Number: 125177 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Tourism Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cunningham, Scott Title: Men-in-Transit and Prostitution: Using Political Conventions as a Natural Experiment Summary: Approximately 100,000 visitors came to Denver, Colorado and Minneapolis, Minnesota to attend the 2008 Democratic and Republican National Conventions. Economic theory suggests that men in transit can cause a shift in demand for commercial sex work. We estimate the responsiveness of labor supply to these two conventions, focusing on a previously neglected but increasingly important segment of the prostitution market: indoor sex workers who advertise on the Internet. Using a differences‐in‐differences estimator, we find that the conventions caused a roughly 30% increase in advertisements on the larger of two advertisement sites in the affected markets. Given the key role prostitution plays in the transmission of STIs, these results imply a focus of public health resources on men in transit. Details: Unpublished paper, 2011. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 22, 2012 at: http://www.toddkendall.net/Men_In_Transit_012511.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.toddkendall.net/Men_In_Transit_012511.pdf Shelf Number: 125264 Keywords: Advertisments Internet Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Work

Author: Morgan, Katherine Ann Title: Domestic Human Trafficking, Pimping, and Prostitution Enforcement in San Diego: A Policy Analysis and Case Study Summary: This research aimed to understand the scope, dynamics, and characteristics of domestic human sex trafficking in San Diego County. The methodology included a content analysis of 17 pimping case investigations, 12 face-to-face interviews with experts in the field, and an examination of the county's current policy and programming responses to these issues. The results of this study are limited due the small sample and lack of direct contact with pimps or prostitutes. This study found that the extent of pimping in San Diego County is greater than previous research indicated. Respondents who work in the field also noted that the rate of gang-related pimping appears to have significantly increased over the past five years and rival gangs are believed to share information and resources to maximize profits resulting from the sexual exploitation of young women. Additionally, major gaps in victim services were noted, such as lack of beds in safe houses, minimal 24- hour emergency services, and scant availability of programs tailored to juveniles and victims with children. Details: San Diego, CA: San Diego State University, 2012. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed July 2, 2012 at: http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1904/Morgan_Katherine.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://sdsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.10/1904/Morgan_Katherine.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 125454 Keywords: Gangs Human Trafficking (U.S.) Prostitutes Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lee, Samuel Title: Human Trafficking and Regulating Prostitution Summary: The effect of prostitution laws on human trafficking and voluntary prostitution is subject to debate. We argue theoretically that neither legalization nor criminalization can simultaneously protect voluntary prostitutes and unambiguously reduce trafficking. We propose an alternative, “hybrid” policy that achieves both objectives and restores the free market outcome that arises in the absence of trafficking: legal, strictly regulated brothels combined with severe criminal penalties for johns who buy sex outside of them. If a regulator wants to eradicate all prostitution instead, the optimal policy criminalizes all johns. Criminalizing prostitutes is ineffective and unjust because it fails to eradicate trafficking and penalizes victims. We consider cross-border trafficking, sex tourism, social norms, and political support for prostitution laws. The model predicts that the female-male income ratio is a key determinant of how much prostitution is involuntary, the consequences of prostitution laws, and the political will to enact or enforce them. Details: New York: Stern School of Business, New York University, 2012. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 5, 2012 at: http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2012/LeePersson_HumanTraffickingandRegulatingProstitution.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2012/LeePersson_HumanTraffickingandRegulatingProstitution.pdf Shelf Number: 125471 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Tourism Sex Work Sexual Exploitation

Author: George, Carrie Title: Deconstructing The Demand for Prostitution: Preliminary Insights From Interviews With Chicago Men Who Purchase Sex: Further Insights: A Comparison of Men Who Purchase Sex Indoors Versus Outdoors Summary: In December of 2006 and June of 2007 the Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation (CAASE), Prostitution Research and Education (PRE), and the Chicago Coalition for the Homeless (CCH) launched a research initiative in Chicago to investigate the cognitive and behavioral patterns of men who purchase sex. A research team of ten individuals, including three survivors of the sex trade, were trained by CAASE and PRE. In the course of four days in December of 2006 the interview team interviewed 54 men who purchase sex. Interviews were held in a public hotel lobby in order to ensure safety for the interviewer and to reassure interviewees that this was, in fact, a legitimate interview and not a policesting. In June of 2007 the second 59 interviews were conducted. These interviews were held in private meeting rooms of Chicago Public Libraries. Participants for this study were recruited by an advertisement that was published weekly in the Chicago Reader and Chicago After Dark (free news publications). The advertisement was also run daily in the “Erotic Services” section of Craigslist. Craigslist is a community website where people can find jobs, locate roommates, sell furniture, etc. It is also a website where people can advertise “erotic services” which is mostly code for prostitution. In the last year there has been increased public awareness of Craigslist as a location where pimps and johns sell and buy sex in great numbers. On Craigslist Chicago men can find thousands of women in prostitution who sell sex in homes, hotels, motels, apartment-based brothels and massage parlor brothels1. We posted our ad in the “Erotic Services” section of Craigslist since we knew men who buy sex would likely be using that website. Our ad read as follows: Chicago based Research Organization is looking to interview men who have paid for commercial sex. Interviews last two hours and are completely confidential. We pay $40.00 in cash at the end of each interview. If interested, please call XXX-XXXXXXX or e-mail _______________. In total, the research team interviewed 113 men who buy sex. In 2008, CAASE released Deconstructing The Demand for Prostitution: Preliminary Insights From Interviews With Chicago Men Who Purchase Sex,2 which summarized the demographic and cognitive characteristics of the men who were interviewed. This report is meant to be the first in a series of addendums meant to give additional insights into men who buy sex. Details: Chicago: Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation (CAASE), 2010. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 7, 2012 at: http://g.virbcdn.com/_f/files/2e/FileItem-149843-JohnsWhoPurchaseInsideVersusOutside.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://g.virbcdn.com/_f/files/2e/FileItem-149843-JohnsWhoPurchaseInsideVersusOutside.pdf Shelf Number: 125507 Keywords: Prostitution Sex Trade Sexual Exploitation

Author: Barnett, Laura Title: Prostitution: A Review of Legislation in Selected Countries Summary: This paper reviews the key legislative approaches to prostitution in a number of Western jurisdictions. In particular, it examines the specific laws and/or regulations these countries and states have instituted, and how they have fared in meeting their objectives. Details: Ottawa: Legal and Legislative Affairs Division, Parliamentary Information and Research Services, 2011. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Background Paper: Accessed July 9, 2012 at: http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-115-e.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-115-e.pdf Shelf Number: 125517 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Waltman, Max Title: The Ideological Obstacle: Charging Pornographers for Sexual Exploitation Summary: Prostitution is a social practice where money is paid for sex. Social science research and other evidence suggest that the sex in pornography is generally supplied by persons who share similar unequal, exploitative, and coercive life circumstances as those who are prostituted generally share. Given that these conditions are similar, there appears to be little reason why the pornography industry should not be subjected to the same legal scrutiny as prostitution per se, as it could have extremely important implications for the population who are exploited in the sex industry. Thus, this paper inquires into the legal, political, and ideological obstacles to address the harmful exploitation of persons in the pornography industry by applying prostitution laws against pimps and other third parties to its production, finding that the obstacles to application are not legal but ideological and political. The paper takes a political science approach to constitutional issues, laws, legislative and judicial politics, drawing from political theory by authors such as Kimberle Crenshaw (intersectionality), Iris Marion Young (groups and inequality), Jane Mansbridge (representation), Ian Shapiro (constitutional politics), Laurel Weldon and Mala Htun (social movements and inequality). Sweden is selected as a case study, having been the first jurisdiction (1999) in the world that identified prostitution as a form of sex inequality related to gender-based violence, with pimps and johns as central in the cycle of exploitation and abuse - a legal approach more consistent with empirical evidence than conventional approaches viewing prostitution per se as either a moral crime of indecency, or a non-exploitative and tolerable work. Some comparative discussions are entertained throughout, with references to Canada, the United States, and international law. Details: Stockholm: Department of Political Science, Stockholm University, 2012. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Conference, Chicago IL, April 11-15, 2012 : Accessed July 13, 2012 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2050290 Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2050290 Shelf Number: 125614 Keywords: Pornography Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence Against Women

Author: Harding, Rachel Title: Sex Work: Abuse or Choice? The Experiences of Framework's Women Residents Summary: ‘Sex work: abuse or choice’ was in response to the concern that sex working women were regarded only as anti-social behaviour problems. Anecdotally, Framework staff had said that the sex working women resident at projects had typically experienced significant and traumatic abuse, and were presenting at services with complex needs. The study set out to test the hypothesis that the sex working women had indeed experienced abuse, and were presenting with complex needs. In particular, it sought to find out whether a woman’s experience of abuse influenced her decision to sex work. In devising the study and making recommendations following the findings, Framework and POW2 have worked together to raise awareness of the issues faced by sex workers, promote appropriate support and service provision, and seek to establish a safe house for sex working women in Nottingham. The study found much disturbing information about the abuse and the complex needs of the women interviewed. The detailed findings of the report, and especially the statistics, can make shocking reading. However, what cannot be forgotten is that the findings each tell a story of the women interviewed, for whom life has been, in some cases, unbelievably difficult. It is hoped that this research report will be a means of understanding the problems some women have lived, and what effects these have had on them and their ability to cope now. It is therefore important to consider which appropriate response and at what appropriate pace is to be made to the enormous need presented by the women interviewed, some of which they spoke about for the first time. Details: Nottingham, UK: Framework, 2005. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 16, 2012 at: http://www.ndvf.org.uk/files/document/1043/original.pdf Year: 2005 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.ndvf.org.uk/files/document/1043/original.pdf Shelf Number: 125623 Keywords: Abused Women Domestic Violence Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (U.K.)

Author: Smith, Reid Title: Let's Go for a Walk: Sexual Decision-making among Clients of Female Entertainment Service Workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia Summary: Cambodia is a noteworthy success story in responding to HIV/AIDS, in particular through the emphasis on “most at risk populations” as key targeted HIV-prevention groups. However, evidence shows that the epidemic continues to be driven by the commercial sex industry and male clients have largely been missing from the response. HIV-prevention eff orts in Cambodia have principally focused on the role of female entertainment workers in transmitting the virus to the general population. Th is has meant that male clients of entertainment workers have often been overlooked and underserved by HIV-prevention activities and messaging. Data collected from men who frequent entertainment venues, such as beer halls or karaoke bars, reveal that more than half report paying for sex in the last 12 months and around 40% report having three or more commercial partners in that timeframe. Relatively little is known about the decision-making processes of men who purchase commercial sex in Cambodia. Th e goals of this study are fourfold: (1) to explore the sexual decision-making processes of men who regularly patronize high-risk entertainment venues; (2) to identify key behavior patterns and social inducements that lead high-risk men to frequently have sex with entertainment workers; (3) to locate decisive junctures in the course of men’s socializing when a decision to not seek the services of an entertainment worker could be made; and (4) to produce a series of personalized archetypes that can be used by programmers to frame behavior change messaging for entertainment establishmentbased HIV-prevention interventions. Forty-eight men (age 21-35) who said they had had sex with an entertainment worker within the preceding six months were selected for interview by PSI researchers. Each was scheduled to complete two interviews: a narrative interview covering a typical evening of socializing, and an interview that covered infl uencers, the dynamics of opting in or out of sex, condom habits, and positive Let’s Go for a Walk Sexual Decision-making among Clients of Female Entertainment Service Workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia iv deviants. Twelve men were interviewed one-on-one and 36 participated in small group discussions. Sixteen brothel-based and non-brothel-based entertainment workers, chosen by United Health Network program staff, were also interviewed. Entertainment workers were included in the hope that they could provide insight into men’s sex-seeking decision-making processes. Data were collected from February-April 2007. Details: Durham, NC: FHI 360, 2007. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 17, 2012 at: http://www.fhi360.org/NR/rdonlyres/ewjdittmp4oet5advfrfrpl7nytjum6hisl4k337fpezqrrsrzikdwmafd3vp4mpgxreqftbc6vjxh/CambodiaLetsGoWalkEnHV.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.fhi360.org/NR/rdonlyres/ewjdittmp4oet5advfrfrpl7nytjum6hisl4k337fpezqrrsrzikdwmafd3vp4mpgxreqftbc6vjxh/CambodiaLetsGoWalkEnHV.pdf Shelf Number: 125649 Keywords: Commercial Sex Industry HIV (Virus) Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Cambodia)

Author: Hoa, Tran Duc Title: Behind the Pleasure: Sexual Decision-Making Among High-Risk Men in Urban Vietnam Summary: Male clients of sex workers are a bridge population linking female sex workers to the general population, but their role in HIV prevention programs has been overlooked in Vietnam. In December 2004, FHI hosted a stakeholder meeting in Hanoi of national and international NGOs and United Nations agencies to discuss ways to increase male involvement in HIV/AIDS prevention. The discussion focused on engaging male clients of sex workers to become active in preventing HIV transmission to themselves and their wives or girlfriends. From April to June 2005, a research team comprised of FHI staff, consultants, representatives of NGOs and national social research agencies conducted a qualitative study of male clients of sex workers and other key informants. Candidates included men at high risk of purchasing sex, married women, and entertainment establishment owners. Researchers facilitated eighteen meetings, six each in Hanoi, Haiphong, and Ho Chi Minh City. In all, 324 candidates were interviewed. This report details the findings of the study and documents: • Behavior Patterns and Group Norms • Process of Sexual Decision Making • Reasons for Frequenting Sex Workers • What Makes a "Real" Man? • Male Responsibility Details: Durham, NC: FHI 360 (Family Health International), 2006. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 18, 2012 at: http://www.fhi360.org/en/CountryProfiles/Vietnam/res_BehindThePleasure.htm Year: 2006 Country: Vietnam URL: http://www.fhi360.org/en/CountryProfiles/Vietnam/res_BehindThePleasure.htm Shelf Number: 125665 Keywords: HIV (Viruses) Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Vietnam)

Author: Atchison, Chris Title: Report of the Preliminary Findings for Johns' Voice: A Study of Adult Canadian Sex Buyers Summary: This research seeks to balance the stated objectives of understanding sex buyers' perspectives on risk and protective behaviors, and the decision-making processed involved in adopting these behaviours as they relate to HIV/AIDS. As such the research follows along Canadian research on sex buyers. Details: Burnaby, BC, Canada: Simon Fraser University, 2010. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 20, 2012 at: http://24.85.225.7/johnsvoice/docs/JOHNS_VOICE_GENERAL_RESULTS_EXECUTIVE_ SUMMARY_FINAL_DIST.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: Shelf Number: 125703 Keywords: HIV (Viruses) Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Buyers Sex Workers (Canada)

Author: Farley, Melissa Title: Garden of Truth: The Prostitution and Trafficking of Native Women in Minnesota Summary: Since Native women are at exceptionally high risk for poverty, homelessness, and sexual violence which are elements in the trafficking of women, and because the needs of Native women are generally not being met, and because prostituted women are at extremely high risk for violence and emotional trauma, our goal was to assess the life circumstances of Native women in prostitution in Minnesota, a group of women not previously studied in research such as this. We assessed their needs and the extent to which those needs are or are not being met. We interviewed 105 Native women in prostitution for approximately 1.5 hours each, administering 4 questionnaires that asked about family history, sexual and physical violence throughout their lifetimes, homelessness, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation, use of available services such as domestic violence shelters, homeless shelters, rape crisis centers, and substance abuse treatment. We asked the women about the extent to which they connected with their cultures, and if that helped them or not. We asked about racism and colonialism. The questionnaires were both quantitative and qualitative. About half of the women met a conservative legal definition of sex trafficking which involves third-party control over the prostituting person by pimps or traffickers. Yet most (86%) interviewees felt that no women really know what they're getting into when they begin prostituting, and that there is deception and trickery involved. • 79% of the women we interviewed had been sexually abused as children by an average of 4 perpetrators. • More than two-thirds of the 105 women had family members who had attended boarding schools. • 92% had been raped. • 48% had been used by more than 200 sex buyers during their lifetimes. 16% had been used by at least 900 sex buyers. • 84% had been physically assaulted in prostitution. • 72% suffered traumatic brain injuries in prostitution • 98% were currently or previously homeless. • Racism was an emotionally damaging element in these women's lives and a source of ongoing stress. • 62% saw a connection between prostitution and colonization, and explained that the devaluation of women in prostitution was identical to the colonizing devaluation of Native people. • 33% spoke of Native cultural or spiritual practices as an important part of who they were. • 52% had PTSD at the time of the interview, a rate that is in the range of PTSD among combat veterans. 71% had symptoms of dissociation. • 80% had used outpatient substance abuse services. Many felt that they would have been helped even more by inpatient treatment. 77% had used homeless shelters. 65% had used domestic violence services. 33% had used sexual assault services. • 92% wanted to escape prostitution • Their most frequently stated needs were for individual counseling (75%) and peer support (73%), reflecting a need for their unique experiences as Native women in prostitution to be heard and seen by people who care about them. Two thirds needed housing and vocational counseling. • Many of the women felt they owed their survival to Native cultural practices. Most wanted access to Native healing approaches integrated with a range of mainstream services. Prostitution is a sexually exploitive, often violent economic option most often entered into by those with a lengthy history of sexual, racial and economic victimization. Prostitution is only now beginning to be understood as violence against women and children. It has rarely been included in discussions of sexual violence against Native women. It is crucial to understand the sexual exploitation of Native women in prostitution today in its historical context of colonial violence against nations. In order for a woman to have the real choice to exit prostitution, a range of services must be offered yet there are currently few or no available services especially designed for Native women in prostitution. We recommend increased state and federal funding for transitional and long term housing for Native women and others seeking to escape prostitution. We recommend increased funding for Native women's programs, including advocacy, physical and mental health care, job training and placement, legal services, and research on these topics. We urge state, local, and tribal officials to review and reconsider their policies toward victims of prostitution and We recommend increased state and federal funding for transitional and long term housing for Native women and others seeking to escape prostitution. We recommend increased funding for Native women's programs, including advocacy, physical and mental health care, job training and placement, legal services, and research on these topics. We urge state, local, and tribal officials to review and reconsider their policies toward victims of prostitution and trafficking, including this new research about Native women. The arrest and prosecution of victims is counter-productive and exacerbates their problems. As a Native woman interviewed for this research study said, "We need people with hearts." Arresting sex buyers, not their victims, is a more appropriate policy. Details: St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Indian Women's Sexual Assault Coalition; San Francisco, CA: Prostitution Research & Education, 2011. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2012 at: http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdfs/Garden_of_Truth_Final_Project_WEB.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdfs/Garden_of_Truth_Final_Project_WEB.pdf Shelf Number: 126355 Keywords: Human Trafficking Native American Women (Minnesota) Prostitution Sexual Abuse Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence Violence Against Women

Author: Hudson, Patricia Title: Men and Boys: Selling Sex in the Bradford District Summary: This report provides a summary of key findings from a study commissioned by Yorkshire MESMAC exploring the experiences and needs of men and boys who are involved in selling sex in the Bradford district. This study consisted of three related projects outlined below. Project A: Survey of Agencies in the Bradford Area The first author conducted an interviewbased survey of 31 representatives from 21 local statutory and voluntary sector agencies exploring their perceptions of the issue of men and boys involved in selling sex, and considering ways in which local services could best respond to their needs. Responses indicated that: - 78% of agency representatives believed that young men selling sex in the Bradford area was an issue that needed to be addressed. - 52% of agency representatives had direct evidence of young men who were involved in selling sex in the Bradford area. - 87% felt that action should be taken to address the issue of young men involved in selling sex in the Bradford area. Suggestions offered are outlined on page 9. Project B: Local Awareness of Men Selling Sex Thirty-seven men under the age of 40 completed a short questionnaire (Appendix 2) exploring their levels of awareness and possible involvement in selling/purchasing sexual services. Results indicated that: - Adverts for men selling sex had been observed by gay/bisexual and heterosexual men in the Bradford district. - One-third of gay/bisexual men and one young heterosexual man had been approached by a man and offered sex for money on more than one occasion. - 10% of the gay/bisexual men surveyed reported having sold sex. Executive Summary - Reasons for offering sexual services or receiving payment for sex included being pressurized to perform in pornographic videos or pictures, or receiving shelter/accommodation for the night. Project C: Men Selling Sex Seven men who sell or have sold sex in the Bradford area were interviewed by the first author using a structured interview schedule (see Appendix 3). Responses suggested that: - Sex with young men under the age of 16 is sought by men in the Bradford area. - Men who sell sex on the streets have less control over the types of sex for which payment is offered than those who are house/flat/hotel-based. - Men who sell sex on the streets face much more violence than those who sell sex from a house/flat/hotel. - Selling sex on the streets often follows a chance encounter with an exploitative older man during teenage years. - Selling sex from a house/flat tends to be a deliberate decision by older men. Recommendations - Provision of a local support service responding to the needs of men and boys who are involved in selling sex. - Commission further research exploring the issues highlighted in the report. Details: York, UK: York St. John College of the University of Leeds, 2002. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Social Inclusion & Diversity: Research into Practice, No. 1: Accessed September 25, 2012 at: http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/2706 Year: 2002 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/2706 Shelf Number: 126453 Keywords: Male Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (U.K.)

Author: McMillan, Karen Title: Risky Business Vanuatu: Selling Sex in Port Vila Summary: In November and December 2010, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 18 women and 2 young men who had had sex for money in the previous 12 months. Interviews took place in and around Port Vila, and were conducted in Bislama and in English. The interviews were designed to investigate the circumstances and context of local sex work in Port Vila. The study sample is non-random and therefore the results cannot be considered to be generalisable to all sex workers in Vanuatu. However, the type of sex work captured was consistent with the characteristics of typical sex work in Port Vila reported in a 2007 survey. The data presented here provides a nuanced description of the motivations for sex work, the conditions under which it occurs and the conceptualisations of client and other sexual relationships in the lives of the sex workers who participated in this study. This information should be valuable to those who wish to provide HIV prevention, sexual health and other services to sex workers in Port Vila. Participants were aged between 16 and 36 years old. The average age was 24 years. While most participants began sex work long before they were 18 years of age, all the sex work undertaken by study participants had been freely chosen, the sex workers operated independently. Sex work was very informal, and few of the interviewees explicitly self-identified as sex workers, despite regularly exchanging sex for money. Sex work occurred in the context of unemployment and lack of access to cash. The data also indicated that while exchanging sex for money was considered to be somewhat shameful and was practised covertly, it was also believed to be a common practice. Two distinct modes of selling sex were evident. In the first, small groups of sex workers frequented bars, nakamals and nightclubs in the evenings to find clients and the sexual encounter took place immediately after it was negotiated. In the second, the sex worker worked alone and meetings for sex were prearranged. In this second pattern, clients were regulars or had been found during daytime excursions to town and arrangements would be made to meet for sex later. These modes of operation were not exclusive and some interviewees adopted both. Those who worked exclusively in the second mode were the most covert in their activities and not part of any wider networks of sex worker friends. Sex work began at a young age. Most interviewees were younger than 16 years old when they began sex work, and some were as young as 11 and 12 years. While friends and peers played a central role in the introduction to sex work, none of the participants had been coerced into sex work. The money earned from sex work was primarily spent while in town, on consumer goods and also on food, drinks and kava while out with friends. Few interviewees needed their earnings for daily food and shelter; but for most participants, the money earned through sex work afforded them some independence and autonomy along with access to cash. Sex workers expressed a preference for condom use but were inconsistent in their use of condoms with clients. Condoms need to be free and at hand to maximise uptake. While the quality of condoms was raised as an issue, most sex workers would not pay for condoms. Conditions of privacy and confidentiality were also very important to whether sex workers would pick up free condoms. Privacy and confidentiality are not merely a matter of shame but may have implications for the personal safety of sex workers. Information about the protection that condom use offered from HIV and other sexually transmissible infections (STIs) had an impact on sex workers’ attitudes to condoms. There were many misconceptions about condoms and a poor understanding of the role they play in preventing STIs and HIV transmission. Some sex workers and some clients did not know how to put a condom on a man. Clients were both foreign and local. Local clients were particularly averse to condom use. Clients’ wishes usually determined whether or not condoms were used. Overall, the sex workers in this study were not confident or competent enough negotiators to convince a reluctant client to use a condom. Those sex workers who had accurate information about the role and efficacy of condoms in preventing HIV and STI transmission did actively encourage clients to use condoms. Nakamals, bars and nightclubs are common sex work sites, and kava and alcohol drinking and sex work are intertwined. The combination of alcohol and kava and sex work may exacerbate risk as intoxication compromised intentions to use condoms. Drinking was also reported to be associated with lowered inhibitions and more adventurous sex than usual. Watching pornographic films with clients was also associated with sexual experimentation, and viewing usually occurred in the context of a drinking session. Along with the hazards of excessive alcohol and kava consumption and the elevated risk -taking associated with intoxication, forced sex was another danger associated with sex work. The heightened vulnerability to rape and sexual assault, however, appeared to be a consequence of being publicly exposed as a sex worker. Sex workers were variously encouraged to stop sex work by their church and also by health service providers. Sometimes families of sex workers beat them to convince them to stop. For those interviewees who had agreed to give up sex work, the undertaking resulted in a more covert approach to sex work. Details: Sydney: International HIV Research Group School of Public Health and Community Medicine The University of New South Wales, 2011. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 27, 2012 at: http://www.pacs-rhrc.org/files/IHRG_Vanuatu_FINAL_2.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.pacs-rhrc.org/files/IHRG_Vanuatu_FINAL_2.pdf Shelf Number: 126476 Keywords: HIV (Viruses) Human Immonodeficiency Virus Prostitution Prostitution (Australia) Sex Workers

Author: RATS-W Team Title: Hit and Run: Sex Worker’s Research on Anti trafficking in Thailand Summary: Sex workers in Thailand must be one of the most researched groups in the world. For decades individuals and groups have made their way to Empower to complete a PhD, make a documentary, write an article, or fulfil their grant terms. We have lots of experience with research. For the past ten years sex workers in Thailand have had our human rights violated under the guise of implementing anti-trafficking law and policy. We have experienced an onslaught of slander vilifying our entire industry; violent police raids on our workplaces, arbitrary detention, forced rehabilitation in government shelters and deportation. We have continually advocated for reform and human rights protections especially for migrant sex workers. Despite these efforts our industry is still over represented in anti-trafficking raids and misrepresented as inherently violent, exploitative and an equivalent to human trafficking. People still do not know about or understand how current antitrafficking practices are not only abusing the rights of individuals, but are a huge barrier to our efforts to further reduce exploitation in our industry. In 2010 Empower decided to undertake a nation-wide community research project to identify and document the impact of the current Thai anti-trafficking law, policy and practice, on sex workers in Thailand, and to develop relevant and achievable solutions. Our secondary aims were to strengthen knowledge and awareness amongst our community about our legal and human rights; and to build our skills to design, carry out and collate research for use in our human rights advocacy. Our research did not set out to measure, prove or disprove the existence of human trafficking within the sex industry in Thailand. There is already a plethora of wildly contradictory reports on the subject. More significantly, as the leading sex worker organization working on the ground for the past 30 years, we already were well aware that human trafficking has been steadily disappearing from the sex industry in Thailand over the last 15 years. Instead we set out to measure the impact of anti trafficking law and practices on the human rights of women who are accused of being trafficked and other women who are not trafficked, but severely affected by anti-trafficking measures. Details: Thailand: Empower Foundation: 2012. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 27, 2012 at: http://www.aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/HitandRun_RATSW_Eng_Empower_2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Thailand URL: http://www.aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/HitandRun_RATSW_Eng_Empower_2012.pdf Shelf Number: 126485 Keywords: Human Rights Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Thailand)

Author: Barefoot Research and Evaluation Title: Study into the Extent and Characteristics of the Sex Market and Sexual Exploitation in County Durham Summary: This study, which was commissioned by Northern Rock Foundation under its Safety and Justice Programme, investigates the extent and dynamics of the sex market and sexual exploitation in County Durham. It presents a snapshot of information between December 2008 and December 2009. Using a qualitative knowledge mapping approach, we interviewed 160 professionals from over 30 different organisations. We asked professionals a standardised series of questions about their knowledge of the extent, characteristics and magnitude of the sex market and exploitation. Our research has identified evidence of people involved in sex work (what would generally be understood as prostitution), sexual exchanges (exchanging sex for resources such as accommodation, drugs, alcohol, debt repayments, etc.) and sexual exploitation (under 18 year olds exchanging sex for alcohol, drugs, money and other resources). We found evidence of a number of adult females and some males involved in sex work or regular sexual exchanges. We also found evidence of female and male children being sexually exploited. The numbers involved are not great, but the vulnerabilities of many involved are significant, and include vulnerabilities of health, housing, finances, safety and substance misuse. There are also apparent problems of people’s very low selfesteem and poor decision making which means they put themselves at a high risk of harm, both from a health point of view and from physical violence. Details: Newcastle upon Tyne: Northern Rock Foundation, 2010. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 27, 2012 at: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Sex-markets-in-County-Durham-summary-report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Sex-markets-in-County-Durham-summary-report.pdf Shelf Number: 126486 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation (U.K.)

Author: PROS Network Title: Public Health Crisis: The Impact of Using Condoms as Evidence of Prostitution in New York City Summary: The confiscation of condoms by police and the use of condoms as evidence of prostitution‐related offenses is a public health issue that has long been decried by human rights organizations and harm reduction service providers who interact with people in the sex trade and other vulnerable populations on a daily basis. This practice has been documented in cities across the United States, as well as in countries around the world for over a decade (Alliance for a Safe & Diverse DC 2008; Amnesty International 2005; Human Rights Watch 2004, 2006; Thukral & Ditmore 2003). PROS Network (Providers and Resources Offering Services to sex workers) members have been receiving reports from their clients and constituents for years that the police are confiscating their condoms during street encounters and arrests for prostitution‐related crimes. In response to concerns about the impact of this practice on the health and safety of their clients and constituents, the PROS Network has participated in two studies to document this practice and its effects, and to strengthen the case for policy reform around the use of condoms as evidence of prostitution. In the experience of PROS Network members, condom confiscation is primarily experienced by people who are– or are perceived to be–involved in the sex trades, as well as by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adults and youth of color, and street‐based and lower income communities. Ironically, these are some of the same populations that have been targeted for increased HIV prevention programming and condom distribution. In addition to directly conflicting with state public health policies and initiatives to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic, such as the distribution of free New York City condoms, the use of condom possession to prove evidence of intent to engage in prostitution‐related offenses is dangerously undermining people’s efforts to protect themselves and others, and discouraging people from carrying condoms. Fortunately, legislative measures have been introduced in New York to stop this harmful practice. In 1999, New York State Assembly Bill S.1645 was sponsored and introduced by State Senator Velmanette Montgomery (D – 18th District), who was later joined by State Assemblywoman Barbara M. Clark (D – 33rd District), to amend the civil practice law, the criminal procedure law, and the executive law to prohibit the introduction of condoms as evidence of prostitution and prostitution‐related offenses. At the time of this report’s publication, the current version of this legislation, Bill A1008/S323 is still under consideration by the New York State Senate Rules Committee and the New York State Assembly Codes Committee. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DOHMH) partnered with the PROS Network between August and October 2010 to conduct a study to examine the prevalence of the confiscation of condoms by the New York City Police Department (NYPD) and the use of such condoms as evidence of prostitution‐related offenses in criminal cases (hereinafter referred to as “the DOHMH Study”). The survey was also designed to determine the extent to which this practice discouraged people from carrying condoms. One of the objectives of the DOHMH Study was to evaluate and highlight the public health impact of this practice in New York City. Target populations for the DOHMH Study included people in the sex trade and other populations accessing harm reduction services. Sixty‐three people participated in the survey, and the qualitative and quantitative survey data were analyzed and presented in a report completed in December 2010. However, the DOHMH Study was not released to the public until February 2012, when a partially redacted version was disclosed in response to a Freedom of Information Law request filed by Human Rights Watch. In the interim, the PROS Network decided in August 2011 to conduct additional research on the confiscation and use of condoms as evidence in New York City (hereinafter referred to as “the PROS Network Study”). The PROS Network Study was initiated with the aim of investigating and documenting the experiences of people in the sex trade and other communities with the policing of condoms. Another objective of the study was to raise awareness of the impacts that the New York City Police Department’s approach to enforcing prostitution laws has on the health, safety and human rights of people in the sex trade and other marginalized communities. Finally, the study was initiated with the objective of making recommendations to improve the treatment of people in the sex trade and other vulnerable populations by the NYPD; to improve the relations between these communities and the police; and to challenge police practices that actively hinder or obstruct access to HIV prevention resources. Details: New York: The PROS Network, Sex Workers Project, 2012. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2012 at: http://sexworkersproject.org/downloads/2012/20120417-public-health-crisis.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://sexworkersproject.org/downloads/2012/20120417-public-health-crisis.pdf Shelf Number: 126491 Keywords: Condoms HIV (Viruses) Prostitutes ( New York City, U.S.) Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Myers, Adam Title: The Objectification of Women as a Facilitator of Sex Trafficking Demand Summary: Human trafficking represents one of the great social ills and avenues of international crime in our day. One facet of human trafficking, which involves the trafficking of women and girls into sex work industries, is perpetuated by demand within receiving states. Within developed states, this demand can be identified as being fostered by a culture of objectification of women, wherein women's bodies and sexual capability are seen as commodities. This objectified culture has been created and nurtured by cultural influences that vary in legality and general acceptance but are all pervasive practices, such as the presence of pornography, and depictions of women in general media sources such music, film, and advertising. The cultural sources of the objectification women must be seriously addressed in order to combat trafficking demand within developed receiving states. Details: Unpublished Paper, 2011. 77p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2012 at: http://adamhmyers.com/Objectification-human%20trafficking.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://adamhmyers.com/Objectification-human%20trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 126492 Keywords: Human Trafficking Mass Media Pornography Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Smith, S. Mar Title: Human Trafficking in Illicit Massage Facilities: Analysis and Recommendations Summary: This research paper analyzes interventions and offers recommendations that will increase the effectiveness of anti-trafficking efforts. We are targeting illicit massage for three reasons: 1. Increase in number of victims. Criminals are trafficking victims from Asia (primarily China, Thailand, and S. Korea) into the U.S. for labor and sexual exploitation and hiding them under the name “massage,” “foot massage,” and “reflexology.” Indicators suggest that illicit massage is increasing in our state, which implies that the victims of trafficking are increasing in number. 2. Inability of Victims to Self-Identify. The cultural context and controlling practices of traffickers in illicit massage facilities impose serious limitations upon the ability of victims to self-identify as trafficking victims. This reality substantially reduces the likelihood that current intervention efforts will result in the freedom of victims enslaved in this industry. 3. Flourishing of Illicit Facilities Despite Raids. Interviews and consultations with key stakeholders have identified significant frustration by investigators and law enforcement regarding the ability of illicit massage businesses to continue to thrive despite costly investigations and prosecutions. Even if law enforcement or DOH investigators successfully complete a raid and shut one business down, another business front for criminal activity will often replace it in the same location within weeks or months. Law enforcement has encountered a similar problem in the war on drug trafficking: capture one criminal and a second criminal quickly arises to replace him. This rapid replacement is being driven by the profitability of human trafficking in illicit massage facilities. For this reason, we propose preventative interventions that negatively impact the core business structure and profitability of illicit massage in our state. These interventions are more effective at prevention and less costly for our government than the costs incurred from law enforcement investigations, busts, prosecutions, and imprisonments of criminals. Through proactive, preventative, and proven interventions, we can make our state more uninhabitable and unprofitable for businesses that are a front for illicit massage, trafficking, and prostitution. Details: Olympia, WA: Washington Engage, 2012. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2012 at: http://waengage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Massage-White-Paper.FinalR11.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://waengage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Massage-White-Paper.FinalR11.pdf Shelf Number: 126494 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Washington State, U.S. Massage Parlors Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: DiGiacomo, Richard J. Title: Prostitution as a Possible Funding Mechanism for Terrorism Summary: An essential component of defeating terrorist is targeting their financing and fundraising mechanisms. Successfully targeting terrorist financing may disrupt an organization’s existence, prevent an attack, or reduce the harm produced by an attack. As a result of these efforts, al Qaeda faces financial challenges they have not experienced in a decade. Whether in response to these efforts, or as a deliberate strategic shift, terrorist organizations have been extremely adaptive and creative in adjusting their fundraising efforts; specifically turning to criminal enterprises. While there is still debate regarding the level of cooperation between criminal and terrorist organizations, it is generally agreed that terrorist organizations and their affiliates are increasingly relying on criminal enterprises to fund their operations. This thesis will examine whether prostitution is funding terrorism, and if it is logical and reasonable to conclude that a highly adaptable terrorist organization would fund their operations using prostitution. Prostitution is a highly profitable business requiring no specialized skill set and very little cost to entry. The business opportunities are unlimited, and it is business that law enforcement, prosecutors, and the courts do not consider as a serious crime, but rather a harmless vice voluntarily entered into by all parties. A failure to seriously consider prostitution as a funding mechanism demonstrates a potentially fatal lack of imagination. Details: Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed October 9, 2012 at: http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=20517 Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=20517 Shelf Number: 126651 Keywords: Organized Crime Prostitution Terrorism Terrorist Financing

Author: Ditmore, Melissa Title: The Use of Raids to Fight Trafficking in Persons Summary: Trafficking in persons refers to the transportation and compulsion of an individual into any form of labor through use of force, threats of force, fraud, or coercion, or debt bondage. In 2000, the US passed legislation recognizing “serious forms of trafficking” as “recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion” in all forms of labor, including, but not limited to, sex work, bringing domestic legislation in line with international standards governing trafficking in persons. (Trafficking Victims Protection Act, 2000; United Nations Optional Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, EspeciallyWomen and Children, 2000) Enforcement of federal anti-trafficking legislation has taken place in large part through anti-trafficking raids, conducted by federal law enforcement agents, and vice raids targeting prostitution conducted by local law enforcement agencies. Notwithstanding the broader reach of the current legislative definition of trafficking, US law enforcement agencies have been criticized for continuing to focus on trafficking into sex work to the exclusion of other widespread forms of trafficking. (Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women 2007: 239-241; Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children 2007) Indeed, the word “trafficking” primarily evokes images of women and children forced into sexual servitude in the popular imagination and, prior to 2000, anti-trafficking legislation focused exclusively on prostitution, based on the presumption that no woman would ever exchange sex for material gain without extreme coercion. In reality, trafficking occurs in a far broader range of sectors and types of work, including domestic work, agricultural labor, manufacturing and the service industries, and affects men as well as women and children. This report summarizes the findings of a human rights documentation project conducted by the Sex Workers Project in 2007 and 2008 to explore the impacts and effectiveness of current anti-trafficking approaches in the US from a variety of perspectives. It is among the first efforts since the passage of the TVPA to give voice to the perspectives of trafficked persons and sex workers who have experienced anti-trafficking raids. A total of 46 people were interviewed for this report, including immigrant sex workers and trafficked persons who have experienced raids or otherwise had contact with law enforcement, along with service providers, attorneys, and law enforcement personnel. The data collected from this small to medium-sized sample is extremely rich, and suggests that vice raids conducted by local law enforcement agencies are an ineffective means of locating and identifying trafficked persons. Our research also reveals that vice raids and federal anti-trafficking raids are all too frequently accompanied by violations of the human rights of trafficked persons and sex workers alike, and can therefore be counterproductive to the underlying goals of anti-trafficking initiatives. Our findings suggest that a rights-based and “victim-centered” approach to trafficking in persons requires the development and promotion of alternate methods of identifying and protecting the rights of trafficked persons which prioritize the needs, agency, and self-determination of trafficking survivors.They also indicate that preventative approaches, which address the circumstances that facilitate trafficking in persons, should be pursued over law enforcement based responses. Details: New York: Urban Justice Center, Sex Workers Project, 2009. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2012 at: http://www.sexworkersproject.org/downloads/swp-2009-raids-and-trafficking-report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.sexworkersproject.org/downloads/swp-2009-raids-and-trafficking-report.pdf Shelf Number: 126659 Keywords: Anti-Trafficking Raids Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Godwin, John Title: Sex Work and the Law in Asia and the Pacific: Laws, HIV and Human Rights in the Context of Sex Work Summary: Nearly all countries of Asia and the Pacific criminalize some aspects of sex work. Criminalization increases vulnerability to HIV by fuelling stigma and discrimination, limits access to sexual health services and condoms. The report clearly distinguishes between adult consensual sex work and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Removing legal penalties for sex work allows HIV prevention and treatment programmes to reach sex workers and their clients more effectively. These are some of the findings in an unprecedented study issued today by the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Sex Work and the Law examines 48 countries in Asia and the Pacific to assess laws, legal policies and law enforcement practices that affect the human rights of sex workers and impact on the effectiveness of HIV responses. Where sex work has been decriminalized, there is a greater chance for safer sex practices through occupational health and safety standards across the industry. Furthermore, there is no evidence that decriminalization has increased sex work. The report describes countries that use punitive law enforcement practices, confiscate condoms as evidence of illegal conduct, require compulsory or coerced HIV testing, deny government services and certain rights to sex workers, and have compulsory detention centres. The report notes: •Eleven countries where sex workers report condom confiscation or police harassment for possessing condoms (China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam). •Six countries that require mandatory testing of sex workers for HIV or sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as a condition of employment (Guam (unincorporated territory of the United States), Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and several states of Australia); and three countries where compulsory or coerced HIV testing for sex workers has been reported (China, India and Vietnam). •At least four countries in which compulsory detention of sex workers for rehabilitation or re-education is reported (China, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka). Roy, UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre Manager. The report highlights current laws, policies and practices that are helpful to HIV responses. A snapshot: •Decisions of the Supreme Courts of Bangladesh, India and Nepal recognize the human rights of sex workers. •The Ministry of Interior of Cambodia issued a Directive that condoms will not be used as evidence for arrest. •Legislation in Fiji and Papua New Guinea make it unlawful to deny a person access to condoms or other means of protection from HIV. •National HIV laws in Cambodia, Fiji, Lao PDR, Papua New Guinea and the Philippines offer some protections in areas such as prohibition of compulsory testing, and rights to confidentiality and to protection from discrimination for those who are HIV-positive. •Legislation in Vietnam requires the government to implement harm reduction interventions including condom programmes with sex workers, and protects peer educators from prosecution. •Rules of the Social Security Fund of Thailand enable sex workers to access state social security benefits. The report also highlights how significant advances in recognition of the rights of sex workers can occur even in contexts where the sex industry is illegal. For example, education of police and empowerment of sex workers has helped to reduce human rights violations in India and Thailand, and health authorities in many countries now actively support sex worker organizations to deliver HIV prevention programmes to their peers. Details: Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations Development Programme, UNCP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre, 2012. 212p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2012 at: http://www.snap-undp.org/elibrary/Publication.aspx?ID=699 Year: 2012 Country: Asia URL: http://www.snap-undp.org/elibrary/Publication.aspx?ID=699 Shelf Number: 126809 Keywords: HIV (Viruses) Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Work (Asia) Sex Workers Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Author: Great Britain. Crown Prosecution Service Title: Violence against Women and Girls Crime Report: 2011-2012 Summary: This CPS Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) Crime Report is the fifth edition published by the CPS. As in previous years, it covers a range of VAWG strands: • domestic violence • rape and sexual offences • human trafficking, with a focus on trafficking for sexual exploitation • prostitution, • forced marriage, honour based violence and female genital mutilation • child abuse • pornography. The report provides data and commentary in separate sections on each of the VAWG strands, including a number of case studies and good practice. Key issues that were identified in 2011-12 have been highlighted within each section and may differ according to strands. The CPS collects data14 to assist in the effective management of its prosecution functions. The CPS does not collect data which constitutes official statistics as defined in the Statistics and Registration Service Act 200715. Equality profiles of defendants, by gender and ethnicity, are assessed and reported on in this report. Data on victims are reported where available and are still under further development. Details: London: Crown Prosecution Services, 2012. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 5, 2012 at: http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/cps_vawg_report_2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/cps_vawg_report_2012.pdf Shelf Number: 126876 Keywords: Child Abuse Domestic Violence Honor-Based Violence Human Trafficking Pornography Prosecution Prostitution Rape Sexual Violence Violence Against Women and Girls (U.K.)

Author: Lobasz, Jennifer Kathleen Title: Victims, Villains, and the Virtuous: Constructing the Problems of “Human Trafficking” Summary: Over the past two decades, human trafficking has come to be seen as a growing threat, and transnational advocacy networks opposed to human trafficking have succeeded in establishing trafficking as a pressing political problem. The meaning of human trafficking, however, remains an object of significant—and heated—contestation among transnational actors with opposing perspectives on prostitution, the appropriate balance between law enforcement and human rights protection, and migration. The outcomes of disputes over meaning are highly significant. Anti-trafficking discourses establish regimes of knowledge that set boundaries for how scholars, activists, legislators, and citizens conceive of human trafficking—they establish what trafficking is and who counts as trafficked, and create narratives that explain how trafficking has become a problem and what should be done to fix it. In this dissertation I conduct a genealogical discourse analysis of anti-trafficking advocacy, policy, and scholarship in the United States from the late 1970s to 2000, looking in particular at feminist and religious abolitionist advocacy networks, and the role they play in the creation of the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000. I argue that “human trafficking” is better understood as a contested concept rather than as an objectively given problem. The meaning of trafficking is constructed rather than inherent, and inseparable from the political context through which it is produced. Details: Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 2012. 270p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 20, 2012 at: http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/131822/1/Lobasz_umn_0130E_12756.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/131822/1/Lobasz_umn_0130E_12756.pdf Shelf Number: 126941 Keywords: Feminism Forced Labor Human Rights Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV and AIDS Title: Prostitution, Sex Work and Transactional Sex in the English-, Dutch- and French-Speaking Caribbean: A Literature Review of Definitions, Laws and Research Summary: Sex work in the Caribbean is multifaceted, covering a range of activities including brothel, club, tourist-oriented, and street-based prostitution, exotic dancing, and escort services. The aim of this project was to conduct a review of literature and legislation on sex work in the Caribbean for the period 1999-2009 in order that the Pan Caribbean Partnership against HIV/AIDS (PANCAP) could better understand the ways in which sex work activities are organized, legislated, and defined throughout the region. Details: Greater Georgetown, Guyana: PANCAP/ CARICOM, 2009. 108p. 2009. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 28, 2012 at: http://www.pancap.org/docs/World_Bank_Studies/Prostitution_Sex_Work_and_Transactional_Sex_Report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Central America URL: http://www.pancap.org/docs/World_Bank_Studies/Prostitution_Sex_Work_and_Transactional_Sex_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 127024 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Tourism Sex Work (Caribbean) Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Author: Finnish National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings Title: The Finnish National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings: Report 2011 Summary: Finland is a transit and destination country for dozens or even hundreds of victims of trafficking every year. The victims can be women, children or men. In Finland, human trafficking manifests itself in at least two ways: prostitution and procuring. The exploitation of foreign workers and immigrants in households and sectors such as the restaurant, construction, cleaning, metal, transport and garden industries as well as in berry-picking jobs can meet the statutory definition of a human trafficking offence. No cases of organ trafficking have been reported in Finland to date. Finnish citizens may also fall victim to human trafficking. In Finland, human trafficking is an offence which carries a severe penalty. Under our national legislation, the following acts are considered human trafficking: • sexual abuse or exploitation akin to a procuring offence; • forced labour or other demeaning circumstances; or • trafficking in human organs for financial gain. This report presents statistics on human trafficking issues recorded at the Office of the Ombudsman for Minorities in 2009 and 2010, divided into customer contacts, requests for information and the Rapporteur’s own initiatives, opinions and publications. Additionally, the statistics show a small group of other matters related to human trafficking. Compared to 2009, the number of customer contacts and requests for information went up considerably. The Office and its personnel published a greater number of articles and other documents in 2010 than it did the year before. The number of media contacts also increased. Details: Helsinki: Vähemmistövaltuutettu, 2011. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Publication 8: Accessed December 1, 2012 at: http://www.ofm.fi/download/31724_Ihmiskaupparaportti_englanti.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Finland URL: http://www.ofm.fi/download/31724_Ihmiskaupparaportti_englanti.pdf Shelf Number: 127049 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Finland) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cheesman, Fred Title: Philadelphia Community Court Evaluation Final Report: Outcome/Impact Analysis and Update on Process Evaluation Summary: In the 1990s, the Center City District of Philadelphia began experiencing an increase in the number of what are generally termed “quality-of-life” crimes, such as vandalism, prostitution, disorderly conduct, and minor thefts. City and justice system officials recognized that because of jail and prison overcrowding, insufficient alternative sentencing options, and the need to focus limited resources on more serious crimes, quality-of-life crimes were a low priority for law enforcement and had become virtually decriminalized. This report presents the methodology and findings of the evaluation of the outcome and implementation of the Philadelphia Community Court (PCC), which was established to process “quality-of-life” crimes, such as vandalism, prostitution, disorderly conduct, and minor thefts. Details: Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Coruts, 2010. 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2012 at: http://dn2vfhykblonm.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/philadelphia_community_court_final_report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://dn2vfhykblonm.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/philadelphia_community_court_final_report.pdf Shelf Number: 127089 Keywords: -Nuisance Behaviors and Disorder Communitiy Courts (Philadelphia) Disorderly Conduct Problem-Solving Courts Prostitution Public Order Offenses Vandalism

Author: Easton, Helen Title: Breaking Down the Barriers: A Study of How Women Exit Prostitution. Executive Summary Summary: This research demonstrates that women can and do wish to leave prostitution. This is the case for women involved in on-street and off-street locations. There are striking similarities between the circumstances of women in both groups. This report is the result of a joint Eaves and London South Bank University (LSBU) two-year research project to assess the effectiveness of different interventions designed to support women who want to leave prostitution, including those involved on-street, off-street and those trafficked into prostitution1. Its goal is to understand the nature, scope and efficacy of existing approaches to exiting prostitution with the aim of promoting a sustainable, nationwide framework of good practice. An additional outcome of the research has been to develop a better understanding of the complex realities of these women’s lives, their needs, the context in which choices are made, and their motivations to exit. The research aimed to investigate: 1. Which initiatives and interventions work best for which groups of women involved in prostitution? 2. What specific conditions and motivations affect women’s capacity to benefit from exiting interventions and what is the process of change in this respect? 3. What role does peer involvement play in supporting women to exit2, and how effective is it? Details: London: Eaves and London South Bank University, 2012. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 30, 2013 at: http://i1.cmsfiles.com/eaves/2012/11/Breaking-down-the-barriers-a37d80.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://i1.cmsfiles.com/eaves/2012/11/Breaking-down-the-barriers-a37d80.pdf Shelf Number: 127439 Keywords: Prostitutes (U.K.) Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Convery, Ian Title: Study Into the Extent and and Characteristics of the Sex Market and Sexual Exploitation in Darlington Summary: This study, which was commissioned by Northern Rock Foundation under its Safety and Justice Programme, investigates the extent and dynamics of the sex market and sexual exploitation in Darlington, UK. It presents a snapshot of information between December 2008 and December 2009. Using a qualitative knowledge mapping approach, we interviewed 60 professionals from over 30 different organisations. We asked professionals a standardised series of questions about their knowledge of the extent, characteristics and magnitude of the sex market and exploitation. Our research has identified evidence of people involved in sex work (what would generally be understood as prostitution), sexual exchanges (exchanging sex for resources such as accommodation, drugs, alcohol, debt repayments, etc.) and sexual exploitation (under 18 year olds exchanging sex for alcohol, drugs, money and other resources). We found a total of 82 adult females and 27 males involved in sex work or regular sexual exchanges. We also found evidence of a total of eight female children and two male children being sexually exploited. The numbers involved are not great, but the vulnerabilities of many involved are significant, and include vulnerabilities of health, housing, finances, safety and substance misuse. There are also apparent problems of people’s very low selfesteem and poor decision making which means they put themselves at a high risk of harm, both from a health point of view and from physical violence. Many of these vulnerabilities are associated with substance misuse. In relation to this, Darlington has a comprehensive drug treatment service including a safe injecting service and indeed some of those involved were identified through these centres. It would appear that some of those involved in sex work or exchanges who are in treatment are already in receipt of services to tackle the root of those vulnerabilities. However, there are other women who are involved in sex work or exploitation who are problematic drug users who are not accessing these centres. Such cases have been reported by other services, such as accommodation providers, who recognise behaviour but struggle to deal with it. Such agencies require a level of specialist professional support either to advise them on what action to take or to take their referrals. An issue which represents a key barrier to the provision of services was the consistent issue raised by respondents of the normalisation of sex work or exchange behaviour. Some clients or service users were said to “have become de-sensitised to it”. Indeed, it was reported that most women involved would not recognise they were being sexually exploited and “if you’d say it to them they would be really offended”. Details: Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Northern Rock Foundation, 2010. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2013 at: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Sex-markets-in-Darlington-summary-report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Sex-markets-in-Darlington-summary-report.pdf Shelf Number: 127540 Keywords: Prostitutes (U.K.) Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: PEER Research Team Title: Exploring the Lives of Sex Workers in Tyne and Wear Summary: The overall aim of the PEER project is to provide a robust evidence base regarding the experiences and service needs of women engaging in sex work in Tyne and Wear, in order to inform local knowledge, policy and practice in this area. Specifically, the research objectives are: • To document the lives and experiences of women selling sex in Tyne and Wear • To explore the women’s experiences of service provision in Tyne and Wear • To consult stakeholders about their knowledge and involvement in strategic decision-making and service provision in the context of sex work, and • To produce a number of targeted recommendations in relation to local policy and service provision in the context of sex work. The research was conducted using a peer-led methodology; 36 interviews were completed by peer researchers with women working as escorts (n=14), women engaged in opportunistic or survival sex work (n=20) and one women who had been trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation. One interview was also completed with a male escort. In addition 15 stakeholder interviews and one focus group were completed by the peer researchers in partnership with the academic research team. Details: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Northern Rock Foundations, 2013. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed FEbruary 13, 2013 at: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PEER_finalreport_full_v1_2.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PEER_finalreport_full_v1_2.pdf Shelf Number: 127600 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (U.K.)

Author: Donovan, B., Harcourt, C., Egger, S., Schneider, K., O’Connor, J., Marshall, L., Chen, M.Y., & Fairley, C.K. Title: The Sex Industry in Western Australia Summary: The Western Australian Government is currently reviewing its legislative approach to prostitution. In parallel with this process, the Law and Sexworker Health (LASH) team independently compiled extensive collateral data on the prostitution laws in WA, and prosecutions (2000-2005) resulting from those laws; the structure and function of the sex industry in Perth; the demographics, behaviour, health, and welfare of a representative sample of brothel-based sex workers in Perth; and the operation of health promotion and clinical services in WA. The WA Department of Health contracted the LASH team to compile this Report in order to better inform WA policy considerations. The LASH team had been funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council to investigate if the various legislative approaches across Australian jurisdictions were associated with different health and welfare outcomes for the sex workers. Three capital cities were selected and the LASH team focused on urban brothel-based female sex workers for comparability reasons, and because such women provide the bulk of commercial sexual services in Australia. Perth was selected because most forms of commercial sex are illegal, Sydney because adult sex work is largely decriminalised, and Melbourne because sex work as "legalized": that is, either brothels or individual sex workers must be licensed. Unlicensed brothels or sex workers in Melbourne remain criminalised. In brief, the LASH team determined that - Perth had a small (and possibly contracting), diverse, and open sex industry commensurate with the size of Perth's population. WA men are infrequent consumers of commercial sexual services, with only 1.9% purchasing sexual services in any one year, similar to the Australian average. This suggests that criminal sanctions in WA do not reduce the incidence commercial sex. - Despite a remarkably large number of laws against prostitution-related activities, offenses finalised in the WA courts were overwhelmingly concentrated on the street-based sex industry. Indeed, more male clients of street workers were prosecuted than street workers. Over the six-year period, 2000 to 2005, there were no prosecutions against several prostitution laws. - Perth brothels remained concentrated in traditional inner-city areas and the police still maintained a database of sex workers, indicating that the "containment policy" was still in effect despite its official abandonment in 2000. The police visited Perth brothels and required names and other information much more than in brothels in Melbourne and Sydney. Nevertheless, there was little evidence of police corruption in Perth. - Compared to sex workers in Melbourne and Sydney, brothel-based female sex workers in Perth were less educated, and fewer were born in Asian or other non-English speaking countries. Though one in five Perth workers rated their English language skills as "fair" or "poor", no health promotion staff with foreign language skills were available. The organisation charged with delivering health promotion services to the WA sex industry, Magenta, had limited access to most brothels because of the illegal status of the industry. - Nevertheless, condom use at work approached 100% in Perth brothels and when the LASH team tested the Perth women the prevalence of four sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - chlamydia (2.7%), gonorrhoea (0), Mycoplasma genitalium (3.6%), and trichomoniasis (0.9%) - was at least as low as the general population. These low STI rates were similar to the rates in sex workers in Melbourne and Sydney. - Similar to Melbourne and Sydney, 10% of Perth brothel workers were found to be severely distressed on psychological testing (the Kessler-6 scale) and this was strongly associated with injecting drug use. This proportion was twice as high as the general population. Details: Sydney: National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, 2010. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 13, 2013 at: http://www.med.unsw.edu.au/nchecrweb.nsf/resources/shpreport/$file/wasexreport.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.med.unsw.edu.au/nchecrweb.nsf/resources/shpreport/$file/wasexreport.pdf Shelf Number: 127606 Keywords: Brothels Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Industry Sex Workers (Australia)

Author: San Patten and Associates Title: Building a Calgary Community Response for Children, Youth, and Adults Involved in the Sex Trade/Sexual Exploitation Trade. Project Report Summary: In fall 2006, the United Way of Calgary brought together a variety of stakeholders to develop a Coordinated Community Response Plan to the Sex Trade in Calgary. Subsequently, San Patten and Associates1 were contracted to lead the research and writing of the Community Response Plan. This project is strategically positioned under the United Way’s Safety from Violence portfolio within the current “People Living in Vulnerable Situations” community impact plan. The development of a coordinated response for people involved in the sex trade in Calgary and area builds on new and existing partnerships and collaborations amongst a wide variety of stakeholders, including several levels of government, non-governmental agencies, academic researchers, and clients. Though this project was initiated in part to address the closure of the Stepping Out Program, it is expected that Community Response Plan will also inform future programming efforts in Calgary to help address the diverse needs of individuals involved in, or impacted by, the sex trade. While valuable research has been conducted on specific elements of the sex trade in Calgary, limited research has been conducted about the broad context of the sex trade and the full continuum of programs and policies that impinge on the sex trade. Our consultation with a broad range of stakeholders, supplemented by research from across Canada and other countries, indicates that there are several factors that are integral to prevention efforts, supporting people in the sex trade, and helping them to transition out of it. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this project is to build a coordinated response for people who are involved in the sex trade/sexual exploitation trade in Calgary and area. More specifically, this project aimed to gather and document the perspectives of a broad range of stakeholders (including community based organizations, government, researchers and individuals currently or previously involved in the sex trade) about the current context of sex trade work and sexual exploitation in Calgary. In addition, this project included a scan of the current program and policy environment with respect to the sex trade in Calgary. This data gathering was completed to identify appropriate responses to the needs of individuals involved in the sex trade, and to identify possible future program and policy directions for the city of Calgary to meet the diverse and complex needs of individuals involved in the sex trade and those who are sexually exploited. Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: San Patten and Associates, 2007. 114p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2013 at: http://www.sanpatten.com/Project%20Report.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Canada URL: http://www.sanpatten.com/Project%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 128017 Keywords: Child Prostitution Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation (Canada)

Author: Nordic Council of Ministers, Title: Nordic-Baltic Campaign Against Trafficking in Women. Final report 2002 Summary: Trafficking of women and children is not a new phenomenon in the Nordic Baltic region. However, the magnitude, forms and impact are more alarming and devastating than before. The United Nations estimates that between one and four million women and children are victims of trafficking every year around the world, of these more than 500,000 are believed to be trafficked into the European Union. The majority of these women and children, mostly girls, are recruited, transported, sold and purchased by individual buyers, pimps, traffickers and members of organized crime networks within countries and over national borders for the specific purpose of sexual exploitation in the sex industry. In the past most women were trafficked for brothel prostitution. Today the forms and varieties have expanded. Trafficked women are sexually exploited through brothel prostitution, including in nightclubs, through escort service agencies, for sex tourism and military “rest and recreation,” in pornography and in other forms of sexual “entertainment” such as striptease and telephone sex. Many women are also sold to men around the world as mail order brides through newspaper ads and over the Internet, for domestic work and other forms of servitude. The majority of these women and children are trafficked from countries in the south to countries in the north, and from Eastern Europe, the Baltic countries and the countries in Central Asia to countries in Western Europe and North America. However, women and children are also trafficked domestically between neighbourhoods, from city to city, within the Nordic and Baltic countries and to and from countries in the Baltic region. An increasing number of women, often very young, from the Baltic countries are sold to Nordic men and sexually exploited in the Nordic countries. Nordic men also travel to the Baltic countries as sex tourists. Trafficking in women is extremely profitable. Due to the increasing globalization of the economy and the rapid expansion of the sex industry combined with lenient punishment, trafficking in women and children for sexual exploitation has become a relatively low risk, high profit activity that attracts opportunity-seeking individual traffickers and well-organized crime networks in the Nordic Baltic region and beyond. These local, regional and international trafficking networks recruit and transport women and children to markets around the world for buyers who demand unlimited access to a varied supply of women and children from different countries, cultures and backgrounds. It is estimated that these groups may earn several billion Euros every year, making trafficking in human beings the third largest source of profit after drugs and arms trafficking. Trafficking in women for sexual purposes is a gender-specific crime and a serious barrier to gender equality in all societies. The traffickers exploit to their full advantage the fact that most women who are victims of trafficking come from the most oppressed and vulnerable groups in society, those who are educationally, economically, ethnically and racially marginalized and often victims of prior male sexual violence. The impact on the victims is devastating. Women who have been trafficked for sexual purposes experience physical and psychological harm that has lifelong consequences. Trafficking in women for sexual purpose is also a gross violation of women’s human rights, their human dignity and their right to bodily and psychological integrity. Women who escape from the traffickers or, who courageously agree to testify against them, often run a serious risk of retaliation, to themselves, to their families and to their friends. Many women who return to their home countries may find themselves unprotected, isolated and further discriminated against due to misconceptions in the society around them. Details: Copenhagen: Nordia Council of Ministers and the Nordic Council, 2004. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2013 at: http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2004-715/at_download/publicationfile Year: 2004 Country: Europe URL: http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2004-715/at_download/publicationfile Shelf Number: 128308 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Human Trafficking (Baltic Countries, Europe) Organized Crime Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Nielsen Company Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Title: Mapping and Size Estimation of Most-At-Risk-Population in Nepal-2011. Vol. 1 Male Sex Workers, Transgenders & Their Clients. Summary: Nepal conducted a mapping and size estimation exercise of Most At Risk Population (MARPs) in consideration of the epidemic’s nature, availability of limited information on the MARP groups of Female Sex Workers (FSWs), Male Sex Workers,Transgenders and their Clients (MTCs), and Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) as well as the need for a more robust and evidence informed response to HIV for maximizing results. Details: Nepal: National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Nepal, 2011. 104p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2013 at: http://www.aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/MTCs_final_report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Nepal URL: http://www.aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/MTCs_final_report.pdf Shelf Number: 0 Keywords: AIDS (Disease) HIV (Viruses) Male Prostitutes Male Sex Workers (Nepal) Prostitution

Author: Central and Eastern EuropeanHarm Reduction Network Title: Sex Work, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia Summary: Although sex work has a long history in nearly every culture and society, sex workers have been rarely, if ever, free from persecution, stigma, and violence. In some countries, notably in Western Europe, government officials and policymakers have worked with sex workers and their representatives in an effort to ease discrimination and improve access to health care and other social services. Such efforts have at times been slow and inconsistent; they are, however, major accomplishments compared with most nations elsewhere in the world. In Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia, for example, sex workers remain among the most marginalized members of society. Policymakers and authorities view them as nuisances to be ignored or immoral lawbreakers rather than as individuals who can and should be protected from violence and receive social and economic assistance and support. At the same time, the surging HIV/AIDS epidemic in the region places sex workers at increasingly greater risk of infection not only from HIV, but also from other potentially debilitating conditions related to sex work and drug use. This report provides an overview of these and other important issues that sex workers face in the region as well as to the political, economic, and social factors that influence policies and attitudes toward sex workers. It focuses primarily on existing laws and policies and their consequences from the perspective of HIV prevention and treatment. The report also offers recommendations designed to uphold sex workers’ human rights and remove barriers that reduce their ability or willingness to obtain access to consistent and equitable health care and other social services. Details: Vilnius, 01114, Lithuania: Central and Eastern European Harm Reduction Network, 2005. 121p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2013 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/publications/CEEAndCAsiaharm_05_sex_work_east_eur_0408.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Europe URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/publications/CEEAndCAsiaharm_05_sex_work_east_eur_0408.pdf Shelf Number: 128614 Keywords: AIDS (Disease) HIV (Viruses) Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Europe)

Author: Cyrenians Title: MAP: Exploring the Lives of Male Sex Workers in Tyne and Wear Summary: It has been a long held belief in the Tyne and Wear region that there are no red light districts where the sale of sex could occur. This is in direct contrast with many other comparable areas or cities around the UK and is often seen as especially unusual for a city the size of Newcastle (population 280,000). The apparent lack of a visible sex market throughout the Tyne and Wear conurbation (North & South Tyneside, Sunderland, Gateshead and Newcastle - total population 1.1 million) does not mean that the sex industry is not well established; it has developed mainly off-street and is dominated by the many escort agencies and independent escorts who rely on the internet for custom. The current perception is that there are many more women selling sex than men. Details: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Northern Rock Foundation, 2013. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2013 at: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/map_report_lores.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/map_report_lores.pdf Shelf Number: 128748 Keywords: Kerb-crawling Male Sex Workers (U.K.) Prostitutes Prostitution

Author: International Organization for Migration (IOM) Tunisia Title: Baseline Study on Trafficking in Persons in Tunisia: Assessing the scope and manifestations Summary: Although it is difficult to quantify the magnitude of the global phenomenon of trafficking, it is estimated that every year there are 800,000 victims of cross-border trafficking. This would be more numerous in the internal trafficking networks. This crime, which constitutes a serious violation of human rights and one of the worst violations of human dignity, affects all the Middle East / North African countries (MENA region), and does not spare Tunisia. Prior to its 14th January 2011 Revolution, (triggered by social demands based on the respect of human dignity, the right to work, the fight against inequality and corruption) Tunisia was committed to fighting trafficking through the ratification of the Palermo Protocol in 2003. A decade later, the Tunisian government is particularly concerned about this issue and interested in understanding the problem better in all its forms, in order to establish laws, structures and public policies adapted to respond to the situation. The Baseline Study on trafficking in Tunisia is the first Study addressing this issue in the country and aims to be a key step in supporting all the actors involved in the fight against trafficking. A Steering Committee comprising the major institutions and organizations working on the field of trafficking has also closely followed the development of this Study, from the design to the presentation of results, actively facilitating access to information to the investigators (Chapter I). If the Study is mainly dedicated to discover the characteristics and conditions of trafficking in Tunisia (Chapter III), the context in which it occurs has also been studied (Chapter II). The action implemented in the country to achieve the 4Ps against trafficking in persons, namely: Prevention, Protection, Prosecution and Partnerships, has also been subjected to a detailed research (Chapter IV). The research results show that Tunisia is concerned with trafficking in persons as a source, destination, and potentially transit country. On the national territory, victims are mostly children, but also women and people with disabilities. The sectors of exploitation vary, as well as the profile of traffickers. They range from domestic servitude to forced involvement in criminal activities, through forced labor and forced begging or sexual exploitation. Abroad, Tunisian women are sexually exploited, mainly in the Gulf countries, in Lebanon and Western Africa. Tunisian men were identified as victims of trafficking for forced labor in Europe. A number of challenges remain to be taken up in Tunisia to tackle human trafficking and protect victims. While the legal measures and structures to achieve these objectives are not yet in place, we can however note the efforts made by the government to adopt, soon, a specific national law on trafficking, as well as the will of the Ministries and the civil society actors concerned to commit themselves to the identification and support of victims. Furthermore, Tunisian Media and Labor Unions have an important role to play vis-à-vis human trafficking in Tunisia, and in particular to prevent this offense. The private sector will have to make a number of efforts to reduce the number of victims in Tunisia, especially in the Tourism industry. In conclusion to this report, a set of recommendations was formulated to the attention of all the key players to combat trafficking and protect victims in Tunisia. They target the existing needs in the country related to the 4Ps, according to the results of this Study. Details: Tunis: International Organization for Migration (IOM) Tunisia, 2013. 108p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 28, 2013 at: http://www.tn.iom.int/pdf/Baseline_Study_on_trafficking_n_persons_in_Tunisia_IOM%20_LR.pdf.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Tunisia URL: http://www.tn.iom.int/pdf/Baseline_Study_on_trafficking_n_persons_in_Tunisia_IOM%20_LR.pdf.pdf Shelf Number: 129202 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Tunisia) Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: McLean, Andrew Title: An Evolving Trade? Male Sex Work and the Internet Summary: This investigation into the online male sex trade in Melbourne explores the Internet's rise in popularity as a marketplace for male sex workers (MSWs). It examines the ways in which clients and workers engage with the Internet, as well as the effect(s) of this new domain upon workers and their professional encounters. The study finds that engaging in sex work is a common experience for young, attractive gay men, with many opting to offer their services (illegally) online in favour of more traditional sites (e.g. street, brothel/agency and print) due to a number of perceived advantages - such as anonymity, convenience and greater economic rewards. In turn, clients of MSWs also prefer to use the Internet for reasons pertaining to privacy and convenience. The marketing strategies employed by MSWs widely exploit stereotypes associated with (gay) masculinity in a market where visual representations of sexuality are of paramount importance. The study examines workers' perceptions of success. Many associate long-term success in the industry with an ability to self-monitor, allowing for the maintenance of a wealthy client base. Finally, the study investigates the key legislative and social issues that may complicate the working and personal lives of Internet-based male sex workers (IMSWs). Details: Melbourne: School of Global, Urban and Social Studies RMIT University,, 2013. 201p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 3, 2013 at: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/eserv/rmit:160406/McLean.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/eserv/rmit:160406/McLean.pdf Shelf Number: 129243 Keywords: Internet Crimes Male Prostitutes Male Sex Workers (Australia) Online Communications Prostitution

Author: Sahni, Rohini Title: Sex Work and its Linkages with Informal Labour Markets in India Summary: Based on the results of the First Pan India Survey of Female Sex Workers (n=3000), this paper positions sex work within the broader spectrum of informal labour markets that women engage with in India. It puts forth an important dimension missing so far in sex work studies in India – of sex workers with prior or simultaneous labour market work experience. Informal labour markets act as important sites/junctures linking poverty with sex work. For a substantial proportion of respondents, sex work was not their first experience of paid work. In the face of poverty and an early quest for livelihoods, they were pushed into informal labour activities, characterised by low, sticky wages and imminent possibilities of abuse. Placed in this context, their later entry into sex work emerges with a strong economic rationale and agency, as a deliberate, calculated choice offering higher incomes. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2013. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: IDS Working Paper Volume 2013, No. 416: Accessed July 6, 2013 at: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/Wp416.pdf Year: 2013 Country: India URL: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/Wp416.pdf Shelf Number: 126264 Keywords: Poverty Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (India) Socioeconomic Status

Author: Parents Television Council Title: TV's Newest Target: Teen Sexual Exploitation: The Prevalence and Trivialization of Teen Sexual Exploitation on Primetime TV Summary: The study, “TV’s Newest Target: Teen Sexual Exploitation,” includes programming that aired during the first two weeks of the November 2011 sweeps period [October 27 – November 9, 2011], as well as during the first two weeks of the May 2012 sweeps period [April 26 – May 9, 2012]. Only scripted original programs that aired during primetime on broadcast television were examined. Collectively, PTC analysts viewed a total of 238 episodes for a total of 194.5 hours of programming. The following types of sexually exploitative content served as the primary focus of the study: sexual violence, sexual harassment, prostitution, sex trafficking, stripping, and pornography. · Although adult female character were more likely to have sexualizing dialogue or depictions in their scenes, the likelihood that a scene would include sexual exploitation was higher if the female characters were young adults or younger. · The likelihood that a scene would include sexual exploitation was highest when the female characters were underage (23.33%). · Sexually exploitative topics targeting underage girls were more likely to be humorous (42.85%) compared to adult women (33.02%). · Topics that targeted underage girls and were presented as jokes included: Sexual violence (child molestation), sex trafficking, sexual harassment, pornography, and stripping. · Thirty seven percent of all sexual exploitation observed during the study period was intended to be humorous. · The content rose to the level of sexual exploitation in one-third of the shows where females were associated with sexual dialogue and/or depictions. · Pornography (66%) and stripping (65%) were the two forms of exploitation most likely to be written into the scripts as punch lines. · Sexually exploitative content was typically presented in the form of dialogue rather than depictions. However, the dialogue was significantly more crude and explicit than the depictions. Details: Los Angeles: Parents Television Council, 2013. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed July 19, 2013 at: http://w2.parentstv.org/MediaFiles/PDF/General/sexploitation_report_20130709.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://w2.parentstv.org/MediaFiles/PDF/General/sexploitation_report_20130709.pdf Shelf Number: 129461 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Mass Media Prostitution Sexual Violence Teenagers Violence and Television

Author: Hunt, Sarah Title: Violence in the Lives of Sexually Exploited Youth and Adult Sex Workers in BC Summary: Violence in the Lives of Sexually Exploited Youth and Adult Sex Workers in BC was a research project conducted by community-based researchers at the Justice Institute of BC. Sarah Hunt, Natalie Clark and Melanie Mark visited 5 areas of BC during 2005, talking to people about violence in their communities. The communities they visited included Victoria, Campbell River, Kamloops, Terrace, and Prince George, as well as the smaller communities surrounding these 5 locations. These communities were chosen for the project based on an expressed need to focus on rural realities rather than larger cities such as Vancouver that have well-established resources for addressing sexual exploitation and sex work. The researchers interviewed youth and adults about their experiences as victims or witnesses of violence and talked to front-line workers, police and others about the role that the justice system plays in the lives of victims who have been sexually exploited or who work in the sex trade. This report is intended to provide a provincial overview of violence in the lives of sexually exploited youth and adult sex workers in BC, to review the informal and formal supports that are available, and to identify what communities can do to better respond to this violence. This final report has been divided in to the following sections: Project Overview and Background outlines the goals and purpose of the research, the methodology developed for the project, the role of community advisories and the involvement of experiential youth and adults. Provincial Overview includes three sections: Focus on Violence, Focus on Formal and Informal Community Supports, and Focus on the Justice System. These sections are intended to identify provincial themes, connections between communities, key barriers to reporting violence, and common experiences of those involved in the sex trade or sexual exploitation. Community Summaries includes individual summaries of the research findings in each community. The individual community sections outline local issues, recent trends, local resources, and community-based strategies. Provincial Recommendations and Next Steps provide suggested points of action for communities across BC, drawing upon the “best practices” identified in the Prince George court cases and other strategies that can be applied to any community in BC. In the Appendices we have provided further documents from the research, including the question guides and other useful tools. Details: Vancouver, BC: Justice Institute of British Columbia, Centre for Leadership and Community Learning, 2006. 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 5, 2013 at: http://www.peers.bc.ca/images/violence_report1106.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Canada URL: http://www.peers.bc.ca/images/violence_report1106.pdf Shelf Number: 107074 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Canada) Sexual Violence

Author: Miles, Siobhan Title: Butterfly Longitudinal Research Project, a Chab Dai Study on (Re-)integration: Researching the Lifecycle of Sexual Exploitation & Trafficking in Cambodia. End of Year Progress Report 2012 Summary: This is the third end of year progress report for the Butterfly Longitudinal Research Project, a Chab Dai Study on (Re-)integration: Researching the Lifecycle of Sexual Exploitation & Trafficking in Cambodia. The purpose of this report is to communicate progress and findings for 2012. Recruitment of participants was closed in December 2011 and the sample size has been set at 128 participants. An average of 107 participants attended each of the three field visits conducted throughout the year. During 2012, because the sample size was large enough, and remained stable across the research time frame, more significant statistical analysis was possible than the previous year. Although the majority of study participants were still in their respective assistance programs (APs), whether residential (RP) or community programs (CPs), a larger number have also begun the reintegration process, and 5% have completed reintegration; that is, they are no longer part of any assistance program. The overriding objective of the Butterfly Longitudinal Research is to better understand, from the participants’ perspectives, what the (re-)integration process is like for them over a ten-year period. Our purpose is to understand what makes them more resilient and what makes them more vulnerable, yet at this early point in the longitudinal study such conclusions are not yet possible. We have used a mixed methods approach to enquire about the participants’ current perceptions, views and experiences, and about their expectations for the futures. A small number of participants voluntarily described some of their experiences before their sexual exploitation. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Chab Dai Coalition, 2013. 114p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 6, 2013 at: http://www.childrecovery.info/fileadmin/pdf/Butterfly_Annual_Report_2012-1__1_.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.childrecovery.info/fileadmin/pdf/Butterfly_Annual_Report_2012-1__1_.pdf Shelf Number: 129562 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation (Cambodia) Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Reintegration, Human Trafficking Victims Sexual Exploitation

Author: Bigelsen, Jayne Title: Homelessness, Survival Sex and Human Trafficking: As Experienced by the Youth of Covenant House New York Summary: In recent years, the plight of human trafficking victims has received a great deal of attention among legislators, social service providers and the popular press. This attention is overdue, as for years, youth forced to engage in prostitution were at best ignored, but more often were treated with contempt, labeled as prostitutes and charged with crimes. Youth forced into labor servitude were routinely overlooked altogether. As society begins to learn more about the growing problem of domestic trafficking, some questions remain, including even the most basic question: How many people are currently being victimized by trafficking right here in the U.S.? Answering this question is not an easy task, because victims are often reluctant to come forward and seek help. This reluctance is partly because perpetrators frequently convince their victims that if they attempt to seek help, no one will believe them; instead they will be thought of as criminals or prostitutes. Victims’ previous experience with law enforcement often only reinforces that belief. Additionally, a lack of any central system to identify and count victims of trafficking leaves policy makers with inaccurate data on the number of domestic trafficking victims, making it difficult to budget and promote appropriate public policy. In order to prevent trafficking and assist survivors, we must first learn to identify the victims. At Covenant House New York (CHNY), we have seen firsthand the difficulty in identifying victims. As New York City’s largest provider of services for homeless youth ages 16-21, we provide comprehensive care including shelter, food, clothing, counseling, medical and legal assistance, case management, job training and education services to over 3,000 youth each year. And since we opened our doors in 1972, we have always known that traffickers and other exploiters seek out vulnerable youth to recruit and victimize. Yet young people do not arrive at the doors of our shelter stating “Help, I have been trafficked.” Instead they say, “Help, I need food and a place to sleep.” Although we were certain that there were large numbers of trafficking survivors among our clients, we were having difficulty identifying them due to the reluctance of young people to disclose their experience. For this reason, we sought out the assistance of the Applied Developmental Psychology Department at Fordham University to help us develop and scientifically validate a screening tool to better identify trafficking victims among our youth. In addition to developing the tool, we hoped to learn more about the type and amount of trafficking our youth have experienced to better inform both our practice and our advocacy. Using the tool we developed, we surveyed a random sample of 174 youth between 18 and 23 years old. Details: New York: Covenant House, 2013. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2013 at: http://www.covenanthouse.org/sites/default/files/attachments/Covenant-House-trafficking-study.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.covenanthouse.org/sites/default/files/attachments/Covenant-House-trafficking-study.pdf Shelf Number: 129650 Keywords: Human Trafficking (U.S.) Prostitution Youth Homelessness

Author: x:talk project Title: Human Rights, Sex Work and the Challenge of Trafficking: Human Rights Impact Assessment of Anti-Trafficking Policy in the UK Summary: This report was produced by the x:talk project and the main findings reflect the experiences and views of people working in the sex industry in London. The x:talk project is a grassroots sex worker rights network made up of people working in the sex industry and allies. In addition to providing free English classes to migrant sex workers, we support critical interventions around issues of migration, race, gender, sexuality and labour, we participate in feminist and anti-racist campaigns and we are active in the struggle for the rights of sex workers in London, the UK and globally. The x:talk project has been developed from our experiences as workers in the sex industry. x:talk is sex worker-led not because we think that being a 'sex worker' is a fixed identity, but because we believe that those who experience the material conditions of the sex industry are in the best position to know how to change it. This report demonstrates that for the human rights of sex workers to be protected and for instances of trafficking to be dealt with in an effective and appropriate manner, the co-option of anti-trafficking discourse in the service of both an abolitionist approach to sex work and an anti-immigration agenda has to end. Instead there needs to be a shift at the policy, legal and administrative levels to reflect an understanding that the women, men and transgender people engaged in commercial sexual services are engaged in a labour process. The existing focus in anti-trafficking policy on migration, law enforcement and on the sex industry does not address the needs, choices and agency of trafficked people, whether they work in the sex industry or elsewhere, and prevents migrant and non-migrant people working in the sex industry from asserting fundamental rights. Details: London: x:talk project, 2010. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 28, 2013 at: http://www.xtalkproject.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/reportfinal1.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.xtalkproject.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/reportfinal1.pdf Shelf Number: 131492 Keywords: Human Rights Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Work (U.K.)

Author: Coetzee, Jenny Title: Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Services for Female Street- and - Hotel-Based Sgex Summary: Sex work is a crime in South Africa. With the prevalence and deleterious social and economic effects of HIV, in health literature sex work has often been understood in relation to the way that it intersects with the transmission of the epidemic. This positioning of sex work then inadvertently stigmatises sex workers who are often cast outside the rights-based discourses that characterise South Africa's post-apartheid democracy. In order to address this problem, this study explored the perceived barriers and facilitators to sex workers' accessing sexual and reproductive healthcare (SRHC), gaps in the current service offerings relating to sex worker's sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and the general experiences of SRHC amongst 11 female sex workers in Johannesburg, South Africa. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with these sex workers, who were based in Johannesburg City Deep. The resultant data were transcribed and subjected to a thematic analysis. The study shows that various structural and individual level barriers are perceived to prevent access to SRH. In particular, the analysis suggests that the disease-specific focus on sex worker-specific projects poses a barrier to sex workers' accessing a complete range of SRHC services. Violence enacted by healthcare professionals, police and clients fuelled a lack of trust in the healthcare sector and displaced the participants from their basic human rights. It is also worrying that religion posed a threat to effective SRHC because some religious discourses label sex workers as sinners who are perceived to be excluded from forgiveness and healing. Finally, motherhood proved to be a point at which the participants actively managed their health and engaged with and in broad-based SRHC. Participants frequently only sought SRHC at the point at which an ailment affected their livelihood and ability to provide for a family. Taken together, these findings seem to show a range of formidable challenges to sex workers' understanding of themselves in a human rights discourse. This study's findings are of particular importance to rethinking the legislation that criminalises sex work, as well as healthcare initiatives geared both towards sex workers and women in general. Details: Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, 2012. 160p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed November 11, 2013 at: http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/13033/COETZEE%20DISSERTATION%20FEBRUARY%202013%20(9711129v)%20FINAL%20SUBMISSION%20WITH%20REVISIONS%20V1.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2012 Country: South Africa URL: http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/13033/COETZEE%20DISSERTATION%20FEBRUARY%202013%20(9711129v)%20FINAL%20SUBMISSION%20WITH%20REVISIONS%20V1.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 131624 Keywords: Health Care Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Work (South Africa) Sex Workers

Author: National Human Trafficing Resource Center, Polaris Project Title: Human Trafficking Trends in the United States: 2007-2012 Summary: From December 7, 2007, through December 31, 2012, the NHTRC answered 65,557 calls, 1,735 online tip forms, and 5,251 emails - totaling more than 72,000 interactions. This report is based on the information learned from these interactions during the first five years of the hotline's operation by Polaris Project. Key facts: The NHTRC experienced a 259% increase in calls between 2008 and 2012. In five years, we received reports of 9,298 unique cases of human trafficking. The three most common forms of sex trafficking reported to the hotline involved pimp-controlled prostitution, commercial-front brothels, and escort services. Labor trafficking was most frequently reported in domestic work, restaurants, peddling rings, and sales crews. 41% of sex trafficking cases and 20% of labor trafficking cases referenced U.S. citizens as victims. Women were referenced as victims in 85% of sex trafficking cases, and men in 40% of labor trafficking cases. Details: Washington, DC: Polaris Project, 2013. 44p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed November 23, 2013 at: http://www.polarisproject.org/resources/hotline-statistics/human-trafficking-trends-in-the-united-states Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.polarisproject.org/resources/hotline-statistics/human-trafficking-trends-in-the-united-states Shelf Number: 131664 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Tennessee Economic Council on Women Title: The Economic Impact of Violence Against Women in Tennessee Summary: Violence is a thief. In much the same way that a robust education can open minds to new opportunities and unprecedented achievement, violence closes doors and cripples the human ability to grow and innovate. At the hands of a stranger, and even more often a loved one, women in Tennessee are being coerced, intimidated, battered and assaulted in alarming numbers. In recent years, our state has regularly ranked among the worst in the country when counting the number of women murdered by men, and estimates indicate that one in three women will experience domestic or sexual violence in their lifetime. The immediate implications of these crimes are daunting. This report reveals that, across the state, communities spend or lose at least $886 million each year as a result of recent violence committed against women. By focusing on the immediate impact on the public, however, this figure only hints at the most significant cost: Crimes like domestic violence, human sex trafficking and sexual assault have a lasting impact on a victim's ability to earn for herself, to provide for her family, to live a healthy, pain-free life, and to reach her full potential in her community. The reality of this hardship is personal and immeasurable, but the way in which violence can derail a woman's ability to excel, or to more fully contribute to her community, has ramifications that extend deeply into each of our lives. The chief goal of this effort is to explore the costs that we incur under the current low-budget, response-oriented approach to these crimes, and to highlight the potential return on investment that a robust push for prevention could bring by weakening the generational cycle of violence that feeds this suffering. If there is a secondary goal for this document; it is to expose certain truths about these heinous crimes with the aim of promoting a more productive public response. Foremost among these are that : (1) Domestic violence is not a family matter, with limited impact on the wellbeing of others. It is, in fact, one of the most debilitating and prevalent crimes in our society and it perpetually extracts costs, both immediate and long-term, from every single one of us. (2) Prostitution is not a profession willingly chosen; it is a suffering of last resort that desperate women and children are forced into, or fall back upon to survive. It is an abominable form of modern slavery perpetrated by predatory traffickers and the reckless purchasers of forced sex, which challenges the humanity of the individual and the dignity of their community. (3) It is in the best interest of all Tennesseans to recognize that a child should not be born into a unique likelihood of rape, abuse, or violation because of her gender. Crimes that victimize women in such tremendous volume and specificity have compounding effects on our society and economy, and by derailing the lives of so very many, they serve to impede an entire gender's collective ability to achieve its full socio-economic potential. Details: Nashville: Tennessee Economic Council on Women, 2013. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 31, 2014 at: http://www.tennesseewomen.org/2013vawreport.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.tennesseewomen.org/2013vawreport.pdf Shelf Number: 132028 Keywords: Costs of Criminal Justice Domestic Violence Prostitution Violence Against Women

Author: Barefoot Research and Evaluation Title: Sex Markets in Teesside Summary: This is a study into the extent and dynamics of the adult sex market in Teesside, covering the four local authority areas of Middlesbrough, Stockton, Redcar and Cleveland and Hartlepool. It presents a snapshot of information between 2012 and 2013. This work was commissioned by Northern Rock Foundation under its Safety and Justice Programme. Sexual exploitation is a priority in this programme and the Foundation wished to better understand how related issues manifested themselves in this area. This first study focuses exclusively on adults; a second report will be published in 2014 looking at the sexual exploitation of children across Teesside. The study makes a series of key findings: - Prostitution takes place across all four local authority areas, with the highest numbers in Middlesbrough and Stockton. There are local differences including on street sex markets in Middlesbrough and Stockton and off street markets in all areas. - There is both male and female prostitution in all local authority areas: there are more women involved in survival sex than in commercial prostitution (n=268 and 221 respectively); there are more men involved in commercial prostitution compared to survival sex (n=107 and 35 respectively). - There are different age profiles of women involved: younger women tend to be involved in commercial prostitution (most within the 18 to 25 age bracket); and older women tend to be involved in survival sex (most within the 26 to 35 age range). There are no significant differences in male age patterns. - Most survival sex is linked to substance abuse. Patterns of abuse (i.e. decline or increase usage) across Teesside are mostly unchanged since 2006 (there may be a small increase in usage). - The most prominent themes associated with prostitution are: substance misuse; the experience of violence (in many cases this is severe violence); poor accommodation or homelessness; poor health; removal of children into care; and debt. - Many of those involved in survival sex were first sexually exploited when they were under 16 years of age. - It is difficult to exit prostitution, with the influencing factors being: addictions; lack of money earning potential and debt; regular punters; partners/pimps; and poor accommodation (often with partners/pimps). - The strongest service need for women involved in prostitution is suitable accommodation, followed by drug treatment, counselling and employment and training. Details: Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK: Northern Rock Foundation, 2013. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2014 at: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Sex-Markets-in-Teesside-Public-Document.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Sex-Markets-in-Teesside-Public-Document.pdf Shelf Number: 132064 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Steinfatt, Thomas M. Title: Measuring the Extent of Sex Trafficking in Cambodia--2008 Summary: This paper presents the results of research conducted during the summer and fall of 2008 across the 24 provinces of Cambodia to measure numbers and locations of women and children who are destination trafficked within or into Cambodia for commercial sex. Results presented are empirical counts and estimates from venue management and workers of numbers of trafficked women and children throughout Cambodia, province by province. These empirical counts and management and worker estimates are provided by persons who directly observed sex venue management and sex workers in addition to obtaining information from them. The results are compared with findings of earlier studies. Details: Bangkok: United Nations Interagency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP), 2011. 77p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 21, 2014 at: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/estimates/uniap_cb_estimates_report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/estimates/uniap_cb_estimates_report.pdf Shelf Number: 132090 Keywords: Child Trafficking Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Immigrant Council of Ireland Title: Stop Traffick! Tackling Demand for Sexual Services of Trafficked Women and Girls Summary: This study, funded under the European Commission's Prevention and Fight against Crime (ISEC) initiative, has been carried out as part of the project 'Stop Traffick: Tackling demand for sexual services of trafficked women and girls'. The research will inform strategies to reduce demand for the services of trafficked women and girls in the five participating countries (Cyprus, Finland, Ireland, Bulgaria and Lithuania). This evidence base will influence the production of a toolkit of products and activities to: - Raise awareness among buyers and potential buyers of services delivered by victims of human trafficking in the sex industry - Reduce the demand for purchase of sexual services The initiating partner, the Immigrant Council of Ireland (ICI), led this project in collaboration with the Bulgarian Gender Research Foundation (BGRF), Klaipeda Social and Psychological Service Centre (KSPSC) in Lithuania, the Mediterranean Institute for Gender Studies (MIGS) in Cyprus and the Multicultural Women's Association of Finland (MONIKA). This report analyses and assesses efficient approaches to discourage demand for the services provided by victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation, based on a greater understanding of experiences, attitudes and motivations of the people who purchase sex. We wanted to gather sufficient knowledge to inform interventions linked with the decision to purchase sex and, in particular, to purchase sex from a vulnerable individual who could be a victim of human trafficking. Details: Dublin: Immigrant Council of Ireland, 2014. 117p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2014 at: http://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/images/stories/documents/STOP_TRAFFICK_-_full_report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/images/stories/documents/STOP_TRAFFICK_-_full_report.pdf Shelf Number: 132206 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Human Trafficking

Author: Schulze, Erika Title: Sexual Exploitation and Prostitution and its Impact on Gender Equality Summary: The objective of this briefing paper is to provide background information drawn from the international literature on sexual exploitation and prostitution and its impact on gender equality in relation to the report of the Women's Rights and Gender Equality Committee. The study concentrates on the debate on whether prostitution could be voluntary or has rather to be regarded in any case as a violation of women's human rights. It also presents an overview of the policies on prostitution in the Member States as well as four case studies: Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden. Conclusions are presented with the view to enhance the debate. Details: Brussels: European Parliament, 2014. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 5, 2014 at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2014/493040/IPOL-FEMM_ET(2014)493040_EN.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2014/493040/IPOL-FEMM_ET(2014)493040_EN.pdf Shelf Number: 132245 Keywords: Gender Human Rights Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Mendes Bota, Jose Title: Prostitution, trafficking and modern slavery in Europe Summary: Trafficking in human beings is a hideous human rights violation and one of the most lucrative activities for criminal organisations worldwide. It occurs for various purposes, including forced labour, criminality and organ removal. In Europe, trafficking for sexual exploitation is by far the most widespread form: an estimated 84% of victims are trafficked for this purpose. Efforts to tackle trafficking in human beings have intensified in the last decade but remain insufficient. As transnational trafficking represents the greatest part of this phenomenon, harmonisation of legal standards and effective international co-operation in criminal matters are crucial to succeed in the fight against human trafficking. The lack of reliable and comparable data on prostitution and trafficking in Europe is a major barrier to making and implementing effective policies against trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation. Creating a Europe-wide data collection system on prostitution and trafficking is therefore crucial. As a pan-European organisation, the Council of Europe has an important role to play in promoting such a data collection system. Some Council of Europe member States have drawn up prostitution regulations and policies aimed at countering trafficking by curbing the demand for victims. This is true of Sweden, together with Iceland and Norway. The "Swedish approach", based on criminalising the purchase of sexual services, is currently under consideration by legislators in several European countries as a possible tool for tackling trafficking. While each system presents advantages and disadvantages, policies prohibiting the purchase of sexual services are those that are more likely to have a positive impact on reducing trafficking in human beings. Irrespective of the legal approach adopted, prostitution regulations should include harm-reduction measures aimed at countering the negative effects of prostitution on the people involved and supporting those who wish to leave the sex industry. Details: Strasbourg Cedex: Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, 2014. Source: Internet Resource: Doc. 13446: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20559&lang=en Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20559&lang=en Shelf Number: 132324 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Europe) Organ Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Work Sexual Exploitation

Author: U.S. Department of Justice Title: Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States, 2013-2017 Summary: In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, the Obama Administration reaffirmed the American values of freedom and equality by asking federal agencies to develop a plan to strengthen services for victims of human trafficking. Coordination, Collaboration, Capacity, the Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States, 2013-2017 (the Plan) embraces these principles and builds on the progress that our Nation has made in combating human trafficking and modern day forms of slavery through government action, as well as partnerships with allied professionals and concerned citizens. As our understanding of the scope and impact of human trafficking evolved over the years, we now recognize a more complex web of exploitation affecting diverse communities across the country. Today, we acknowledge that human trafficking affects U.S. citizens and foreign nationals, adults and children, and men, women, and transgender individuals who are victimized across a wide range of commercial sex and forced labor schemes. This Plan details a series of coordinated actions to strengthen the reach and effectiveness of services provided to all victims of human trafficking, regardless of the victims' race, color, national origin, disability, religion, age, gender, immigration status, sexual orientation, or the type of trafficking they endured. The purpose of this Plan is to describe the steps that federal agencies will take to ensure that all victims of human trafficking in the United States are identified and have access to the services they need to recover. This includes steps to create a victim services network that is comprehensive, trauma-informed, and responsive to the needs of all victims. While prevention and prosecution activities fall outside the scope of this document, the Administration recognizes that addressing human trafficking through prevention, exploring and implementing demand reduction strategies, and using prosecution to hold offenders accountable are critical elements in the U.S. Government's comprehensive approach to combating all forms of human trafficking. The Plan focuses on providing and coordinating support for victims and it aligns with all other efforts of the Federal Government to eliminate human trafficking and prevent further victimization, particularly as outlined in the Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons. The Plan identifies several "core values" related to trafficking victims' services and key areas for improving service delivery. Recognizing that government alone cannot stop this insidious crime, the Plan is written to appeal to a wide audience in order to bring additional resources, expertise, and partnerships to end human trafficking and better support victims. For example, public awareness must be increased to engage more stakeholders and increase victim identification. There must also be an expansion of access to victim services. Finally, the quality of the services, not merely the quantity, must be addressed to ensure that victims are supported throughout their long-term journey as survivors. The Plan lays out four goals, eight objectives, and contains more than 250 associated action items for victim service improvements that can be achieved during the next 5 years. Federal agencies will coordinate efforts and work toward each of these goals simultaneously. Actions to improve victim identification are woven through each of the goals. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime, 2014. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 19, 2014 at: http://www.ovc.gov/pubs/FederalHumanTraffickingStrategicPlan.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.ovc.gov/pubs/FederalHumanTraffickingStrategicPlan.pdf Shelf Number: 132396 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Human Trafficking Victims Partnerships Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Victim Services

Author: Coumans, Sara Vida Title: How Age Matters: Exploring Contemporary Dutch Debates on Age and Sex Work Summary: Social protection policies regarding sex work in The Netherlands use 'age' as an instrument to create binaries between adults and young people. The concept 'chronological age' assumes that age is a static feature and supports the process of categorization; however, age is a socially constructed phenomenon and has an embodied experience that is gendered. The objective of this research is to understand the role of 'age' in shaping social protection policies regarding sex work in The Netherlands, by analyzing how age is understood by those involved in the design and implementation of policies related to sex work in The Netherlands. Details: The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 2014. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: ISS Working Paper Series / General Series , No. 588: Accessed June 14, 2014 at: http://repub.eur.nl/pub/51411 Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands URL: http://repub.eur.nl/pub/51411 Shelf Number: 132455 Keywords: Age Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Netherlands) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Arnot, Alison Title: Legalisation of the Sex Industry in the State of Victoria, Autralia: The impact of prostitution law reform on the working and Summary: In 1984 the State Parliament of Victoria began the process of legalising sectors of the Victorian sex industry. Reforming legislation was enacted in 1984, 1986 and 1994. To date there has been no research assessing the changes to the industry that have occurred as a result of the legalisation process, and in particular, the effect it has had on the lives of the women working in the industry. This research has examined the impact of sex industry law reform on the working and private lives of women in the Victorian sex industry. Interviews were conducted with twenty women, nine of whom had worked in the industry prior to legalisation. All but four of the interviewees had experienced work in the industry before and after reforms. A number of significant findings were made. Since legalisation brothels have become cleaner and physical surroundings have been improved. However, the owners and managers of industry businesses have increased their level of control over workers by determining services to be offered, fees to be charged and clothes to be worn. While brothel workers have always felt safe in their workplaces, escort workers now feel safer. The main reason given for this is that the work is now legal and the specific safety regulations contained within the legislation was thought to be of little consequence. Escort workers now feel that they have more control over the client, whereas brothel workers have always felt a level of control in the relationship. This feeling of control did not however, result from a willingness to report crimes perpetrated by clients against the women. Similarly workers were largely unwilling to report the unethical or illegal behaviour of owners or managers of sex industry businesses. It is argued that legalisation does not increase women's access to the justice system. Legalisation has created a sex industry where the illegal industry operates alongside the legal industry. This part of the industry includes illegal brothels and individual women working outside of the requirements for solo operators included in the Prostitution Control Act. Sex industry employment has a significant impact on women's private lives, and it would appear the changing legal structure surrounding the sex industry, has had little or no effect on this. Interviewees reported the hardest thing about working in the industry was having to hide their profession from those closest to them. This tendency stemmed from the women's perceptions that society, while it had become somewhat more accepting of the industry as a whole, still did not approve of sex work. The women believed that being open about their work could impact on their families, their jobs outside of the industry, their intimate relationships, and their friendships. This research shows that the Victorian system of law reform and its associated politics have served to reinforce negative views of the sex industry. It is argued that it is not enough to make sex work a legal occupation. Both legislators and the general public need to consider it a legitimate occupation of choice. Details: Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 2002. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed July 18, 2014 at: http://www.scarletalliance.org.au/library/a-arnot02 Year: 2002 Country: Australia URL: http://www.scarletalliance.org.au/library/a-arnot02 Shelf Number: 132053 Keywords: Prostitutes (Australia) Prostitution Sex Industry Sex Workers

Author: Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Title: The Geography of Trafficking in Tennessee 2013 Summary: The purpose of this report is to examine the data released in the Tennessee Human Sex Trafficking and Its Impact on Children and Youth study (THST) (Tennessee Bureau of Investigation & Vanderbilt University, 2011). As a follow-up, the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) is profiling counties that were identified as having highest rates of identified minor human sex trafficking cases as reported in 2011. Under review are the underlying socio-economic conditions as well as other extraneous factors within each county that might create vulnerable and at risk populations or; expose factors which may be present, which would give rise to human trafficking cases. This report will also address the reliability of the methods utilized to collect the data on these cases. Lastly, researchers will address the 21st century geography of human trafficking and prostitution, the world wide web, and whether that phenomenon has resulted in driving this crime even further under the proverbial radar. A popular misconception is that sex trafficking only happens in urban cities. But the reality is that sex trafficking is as much a rural problem as it is an urban one. Of the 941 respondents to the 2011 TBI study survey, 460 (49%) were from rural TN counties. Of the total rural respondents, 156 people (42%) reported knowing of cases of sex trafficking in their jurisdiction. Because human sex trafficking is occurring in both urban and rural locations in Tennessee, a special section will address the differences in how the crime occurs and presents in those types of environments. Details: Nashville: Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, 2014. 76p Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2014 at: http://www.tbi.tn.gov/tn_crime_stats/publications/Digital%20Version%20County%20Profile%202011%20TN%20HST%20followup%2014Jan14.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.tbi.tn.gov/tn_crime_stats/publications/Digital%20Version%20County%20Profile%202011%20TN%20HST%20followup%2014Jan14.pdf Shelf Number: 132991 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Tennessee) Prostitution Sex Trafficking

Author: Simich, Laura Title: Improving Human Trafficking Victim Identification - Validation and Dissemination of a Screening Tool Summary: Statement of problem Human trafficking occurs on an enormous scale in the United States, but only a fraction of victims are identified, hindering provision of victim services and prosecution of traffickers. Purpose of the study To provide a solution, the Vera Institute of Justice (Vera) designed, field-tested and validated a comprehensive screening tool to improve victim identification, victim services and law enforcement efforts on a nation-wide scale. Working with 11 victim service providers, Vera collected original data on more than 230 cases from interviews with potential trafficking victims and case file reviews to determine if the screening tool could reliably identify victims-including adults and minors, and domestic and foreign-born-of sex and labor trafficking. Vera also facilitated participatory evaluation by conducting focus groups and 36 in-depth interviews with service providers, trafficking survivors and law enforcement personnel to identify best practices in implementation of the screening tool. Summary of results The study achieved its validation and evaluation objectives and identified good practices in victim identification. Analysis demonstrated that the screening tool accurately measures several dimensions of human trafficking and is highly reliable in predicting victimization for both sex and labor trafficking across diverse sub-groups, including those divided by age, gender and country of origin. The majority of questions asked in the three domains-migration, work, and working/living conditions-in which indicators were measured, were significant predictors of trafficking after controlling for demographics: - 87% of the questions significantly predicted trafficking victimization in general; - 71% were significant predictors of labor trafficking specifically; and - 81% were significant predictors of sex trafficking. Statistical validation determined that a short version of the tool consisting of 16 questions (approximately half of the questions tested) accurately predicts victimization for both sex and labor trafficking cases. The tool can be further shortened if an interviewer suspects a specific type of trafficking victimization (sex or labor) based on circumstances. Of the 180 individuals in the sample who responded to the screening questions, 53% (N=96) were trafficking victims and 47% (N=84) were non-trafficking victims, i.e. victims of other crimes such as domestic violence, smuggling, prostitution or labor exploitation. Of the trafficking victims, 40% (N=38) were sex trafficking victims and 60% (N=58), labor trafficking victims. Few studies have described characteristics of trafficking victims and factors associated with trafficking among diverse sub-groups. While this study sample is not representative of trafficking victims in general, data analysis revealed, for example, that trafficking victims in this sample were more likely than non-trafficking victims to report that they spoke ―good‖ or ―excellent‖ English and to have more education compared to non-trafficking victims. Females were more likely to have been subjected to some form of sexual exploitation and isolation, while males were more likely to have experienced labor exploitation. Evaluation demonstrated that the efficacy of the screening tool depends upon its appropriate use. Because of the trauma and fear that trafficking victims endure, a sensitive approach is paramount. Building trust, ensuring safety and meeting victims' legal, social and health needs are fundamental considerations in victim identification. More resources, training and collaboration are essential in this process. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2014. 454p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 12, 2014 at: http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/human-trafficking-identification-tool-technical-report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/human-trafficking-identification-tool-technical-report.pdf Shelf Number: 132999 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Victim Identification Victim Services Victims of Crime

Author: Thomas, Chantal Title: International Law against Sex Trafficking, in Perspective Summary: This study places international law on sex trafficking in a broad theoretical and historical context. First, it identifies the international law on sex trafficking as part of an "international law of prohibitionism" that operates as a particular kind of response to and management of globalization. Second, this study identifies dynamic forces both "external to" and "internal to" law that lead to prohibitionism. "External" factors refer to economic, sociological and cultural phenomena that seem to have triggered the turn to prohibition. The international legal framework responds to and reflects these external sociological factors; these factors are also productive of state power for the purposes of policing illegal transactions. Taking an historical approach, it is possible to construct a loose parallel between prohibitionism during the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. If such dynamics helped secure the basis for the modern administrative state in the early 20th century, by supporting the consolidation of national police power, they may undergird and reinforce the expansion, not only of national, but also of international legal authority, in the 21st. The study's "internal" factors are social and legal concepts that determine the formulation, interpretation and application of a legal test. This internal analysis here examines the interaction within doctrinal structures of the dichotomy between legal consent and legal coercion, and of the mediating concepts of normality and abnormality. Both external and internal factors buttress the international law of prohibition as a basis for the expansion of state authority and of the authoritativeness of international law. Third, the study refines the historical context mentioned above to look at the international law against sex trafficking in particular. In the last great era of unregulated economic expansionism, the turn of the 19th century, concerns similar to anti-trafficking were in wide circulation, but expressed under the rubric of "white slavery." The earlier law, and the discourse surrounding it, exhibited some of the same features as the contemporary law. Finally, this study suggests that, whatever the moralistic or misguided features of prohibitionism, its rise may also prefigure a transition to broader market regulation. Prohibitionism is deeply implicated in a laisser-faire approach to law; it is the mirror image of, but also the continuation of, the vast apparatus necessary to maintain a market-oriented regulatory posture. It provides a vocabulary - mediated by constructs of 'abnormality,' or 'extraordinary' cases - to enable the discussion of market controls in an ideological environment in which such discussion might otherwise be discouraged. Even as it supports the market, however, prohibitionism is also associated with a set of concerns about the market's potentially harmful effects. Under the ideological constraints of laisser-fair-ism, concerns relating to the abuses of the deregulated market may tend to focus on extraordinary cases. Such concerns, however, though first expressed about "abnormal" contracts (such as those related to the trafficking of persons), may turn out slowly to gain sufficient currency to apply to "ordinary," "normal" contracts. As legal subjects, women seem to have provided the template for this discursive transformation in both historical eras (consider that the West Coast Hotel case that ended the Lochner era addressed the social need to protect women in the workplace). If the study's suggestions are accurate, then, prohibitionism may signal a change from the view that market regulation must be exceptional to an understanding of its pervasive importance. Details: Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School, 2014. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Cornell Legal Studies Research Paper No. 13-85 : Accessed August 25, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2274095 Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2274095 Shelf Number: 133134 Keywords: Criminal Law Feminist Legal Theory Human trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Reichert, Jessica Title: Anti-trafficking laws and arrest trends in Illinois Summary: While some is known about domestic sex trafficking victims in the United States, little research is available on the prevalence of trafficking crimes. Recent legislation defines trafficking as a criminal offense, increases penalties for traffickers and those who patronize prostitutes, and aids sex trafficking victims. This Research Bulletin examines Illinois arrest trends by year and Illinois region to gauge the level of response to trafficking- and prostitution-related crimes by law enforcement between 2000 and 2011. Details: Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2013. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Bulletin Vol. 10, no. 1: Accessed September 25, 2014 at: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/Bulletins/Trafficking_Laws_Nov_2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/Bulletins/Trafficking_Laws_Nov_2013.pdf Shelf Number: 133411 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Illinois) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Abel, Gillian Title: Decriminalisation: A harm minimisation and human rights approach to regulating sex work. Summary: This thesis takes a community-based participatory approach, using mixed methods to examine the impact of the decriminalisation of sex work in New Zealand through the lens of a public health discourse of harm minimisation. The key question addressed in this thesis is whether decriminalisation has minimised the harms experienced by sex workers. Rather than taking a narrow view of harm minimisation and looking merely at the practices of sex workers, I have taken a more holistic stance, taking into account structural social issues which contribute to the health and wellbeing of sex workers. Data were collected through a survey of 772 sex workers and in-depth interviews with 58 sex workers in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Napier and Nelson. Estimates were done of the number of sex workers in these cities which show little change post-decriminalisation compared to estimates done prior to decriminalisation. There has been some change in the shape of the industry with more people working privately in the suburbs and fewer in the brothels and escort agencies but little change in size of the street-based sector. Such minimal change in the size of the sex industry is not surprising as the underlying motivations for working in this industry have not changed in a decriminalised environment. As this thesis demonstrates, structural factors (such as economic climate, employment opportunities, welfare, housing and sickness benefits) are associated with the entry into sex work rather than the way the industry is regulated. Theories of social exclusion and stigma are utilised in the thesis to show how sex workers have been cast predominantly as a deviant population, associated with disease, crime and drugs. The media often make use of these associations in reporting on sex workers, which leads to heightened public anxiety and campaigns to exclude sex workers from society. Even in a decriminalised environment in New Zealand, such campaigns continue, which has meant that although decriminalisation has given sex workers in New Zealand human rights, they continue to experience stigmatisation. This thesis found that sex workers have poorer self-reported mental health than the general population of New Zealand and some of this poorer perceived mental health could be due to their ongoing stigmatisation. This is not to say that decriminalisation has not been a success. As this thesis demonstrates, sex workers in New Zealand have more control over their work environment, including their safety and their sexual health, since the passing of the Prostitution Reform Act (2003). The Act has given them legal, employment and occupational health and safety rights which has made it easier to negotiate services and safer sex with clients, has made it easier for managed sex workers to refuse to see certain clients without penalties from management and has improved the relationship between sex workers and police. The fact that sex workers can make use of the law has given them a sense of legitimacy and respectability which was absent under laws that criminalised them. The provision of human rights to sex workers through the decriminalisation of the sex industry has led to the minimisation of harm to New Zealand sex workers Details: Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago, 2010. 442p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 15, 2014 at: http://myweb.dal.ca/mgoodyea/Documents/CSWRP/CSWRPANZ/Gillian%20Abel%20PhD.pdf Year: 2010 Country: New Zealand URL: http://myweb.dal.ca/mgoodyea/Documents/CSWRP/CSWRPANZ/Gillian%20Abel%20PhD.pdf Shelf Number: 133921 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (New Zealand)

Author: Byron, Jamie Lynn Title: Prostitution regulation: monitoring strategies and their implications for sex workers Summary: With the goal of determining the most appropriate and effective methods of monitoring prostitution, this paper explores current legislation and its effect on prostitutes, clients, and communities. After a brief discussion of proposed justifications for the criminalization of prostitution, and the implications of legislating morality, the lifestyles and difficulties faced by women working in the sex industry will be addressed. These topics will culminate in a discussion of the various law enforcement and non-law enforcement strategies that are used to monitor prostitution, and the effectiveness and moral implications of these methods. This analysis leads the author to conclude that prostitutes, clients, and communities would strongly benefit from the legalization or decriminalization of prostitution. Details: Boston: Northeastern University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2014. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed October 15, 2014 at: http://iris.lib.neu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=criminal_justice_theses Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://iris.lib.neu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=criminal_justice_theses Shelf Number: 133919 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (U.S.)

Author: Danford, Nicholas Title: Bylaws and Brothels: An analysis of Toronto's adult entertainment governance strategy Summary: Planning for the adult entertainment and sex industry is incredibly controversial. Issues of morality, safety, and health all play major roles on where adult entertainment and sex establishments should be located in cities. Given the municipal government's role in land-use planning it holds strategic position to influence where legal bawdy-houses (brothels) are located. Municipalities have taken a variety of approaches to regulating the location of adult entertainment establishments. As more jurisdictions legalize brothels, municipalities will need to ensure that these establishments are located in the optimal location to ensure safety and security for the workers, their patrons, and the general public. The report has taken an investigative nature and has identified areas for Toronto to develop and improve policies and governance tools related to regulating the sex industry, more specifically inclusion of brothels as a type of sex establishment. The recommendations of this report are geared to municipal decision makers and aim to begin the discussion and set out a strategic direction on this important and pressing planning topic. It is also important, however, that the political climate is considered prior to implementation of any of the recommendations outlined in this report. It is imperative for the safety of the community, sex workers, and their clients that municipalities begin this policy discussion now. It is clear that, although not at the forefront of municipal policy-makers, this topic is of interest. Details: Kingston, ON: Queen's University, 2013. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed October 15, 2014 at: http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/7987 Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/7987 Shelf Number: 133911 Keywords: Brothels Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Industry Sex Workers (Toronto)

Author: Young Women's Empowerment Project Title: Girls do what they have to do to survive: methods used by girls in the sex trade and street economy to fight back and heal Summary: This report summarises the research compiled by the Young Women's Empowerment Project in Chicago (United States) about violence & resistance for girls involved in the sex trade. It also examines attitudes and practices for harm reduction, self care, advocacy, and empowerment. Contents Include: -Youth Activist Summary -About YWEP -Our Research -The Learning Questions -Research Design & Data Collection -Demographic Information -The Findings -Our thoughts -Next steps -Tool Kit -What you need to know about girls in the sex trade -Vocabulary Details: Chicago: Young Women's Empowerment Project, 2009. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2014 at: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/Girls%20do%20what%20they%20have%20to%20do%20to%20survive%20A%20study%20of%20resilience%20and%20resistance.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/Girls%20do%20what%20they%20have%20to%20do%20to%20survive%20A%20study%20of%20resilience%20and%20resistance.pdf Shelf Number: 133883 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trade Sex Workers (U.S.)

Author: Niemi, Johanna Title: Abuse of a victim of sex trade. Evaluation of the Finnish sex purchase ban Summary: The report explores the effectiveness of the offence 'abuse of a victim of sex trade', (Criminal Code, chapter 20 section 8). Enacted in 2006, this provision prohibits the purchasing of sex from a victim of human trafficking or procuring. It is complemented by section 7 of the Public Order Act, which prohibits the purchasing and the offering for sale and selling of sex in a public place. The report also explores the situation in the UK and Sweden. Sweden has had a comprehensive sex purchase ban in place since 1999. Information on the situation in Sweden is available in a report published in 2010 and the annual reports of the National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings. The relevant legislation in the UK as reformed in 2009 closely resembles the Finnish corresponding legislation. Because no study of the effectiveness of the British legislation has yet been conducted, interviews were conducted to gain a better picture. The situation in Finland was explored through statistics and register data, interviews with 18 experts and a review of court documents. Statistics show that between 2006 and 2013, a total of 379 cases of 'abuse of a victim of sex trade' were registered by the police. Charges were brought against 49 persons and tried. The district courts have sentenced 42 persons for 'abuse of a victim of sex trade' or an attempt thereof. The default fine has been established at 20 day-fines. Fines for purchasing and selling sex, pursuant to the Public Order Act, were imposed in 106 cases between 2003 and 2011. Most of these fines were imposed on the sellers. Investigating and proving 'abuse of a victim of sex trade' has turned out to be challenging. The report concludes with recommendations. Details: Helsinki: Finland Ministry of Justice, 2014. 137p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 17, 2014 at: http://oikeusministerio.fi/material/attachments/om/julkaisut/FMVCU3esJ/OMSO_13_2014_Sex_136_s_korjattu.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Finland URL: http://oikeusministerio.fi/material/attachments/om/julkaisut/FMVCU3esJ/OMSO_13_2014_Sex_136_s_korjattu.pdf Shelf Number: 133740 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trade Sex Trafficking Sex Workers (Finland) Sexual Violence Victims of Crimes

Author: President's Advisory Council on Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships (U.S.) Title: Building Partnerships to Eradicate Modern-Day Slavery: Report of Recommendations to the President Summary: There are more slaves in the world today than at any other point in human history, with an estimated 21 million in bondage across the globe. Every 30 seconds another person becomes a victim of human trafficking. Trafficking in persons, or modern-day slavery, mars every corner of the globe and manifests itself in a debasement of our common humanity that is completely at odds with religious and ethical teachings alike. This heinous crime robs tens of millions of people of their basic freedom and dignity. Victims of modern-day slavery include U.S. citizens and foreign nationals, children and adults, who are trapped in forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation, with little hope of escape. Trafficking in persons is estimated to be one of the top-grossing criminal industries in the world, with traffickers profiting an estimated $32 billion every year. The extraordinary reach of this crime is shocking-with cases reported in virtually every country in the world, including in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia and U.S. territories and insular areas. This report is a call to action for our government to partner with all parts of the American citizenry, including philanthropic organizations, the business community, institutions of higher education, and the non-profit sector, both religious and secular, to eradicate modern-day slavery. Our country's leadership is urgently needed to fight this heinous crime. Details: Washington, DC: The Advisory Council, 2013. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 24, 2014 at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/advisory_council_humantrafficking_report.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/advisory_council_humantrafficking_report.pdf Shelf Number: 133812 Keywords: Faith-Based Groups Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Partnerships Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: INDOORS Project Title: Pictures of a Reality Summary: Sex workers talk about their life and work experiences within the indoor sex work setting in nine European cities, The INDOORS project was carried out between January 2011 and December 2012, within a partnership of nine organisations in nine member states of the European Union: Austria, Bulgaria, France, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. The goal of INDOORS was to carry out an analysis of the working and living conditions of female sex workers in nine cities of these countries: Amsterdam, Genoa, Hamburg, Helsinki, Madrid, Marseille, Porto, Sofia and Vienna. Details: Marseille, France: Autres Regards, 2012. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 27, 2014 at: http://tampep.eu/documents/Pictures_of_a_reality-Indoors_2.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: http://tampep.eu/documents/Pictures_of_a_reality-Indoors_2.pdf Shelf Number: 133826 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Europe)

Author: Barrett, Nicole A. Title: Laws to Combat Sex Trafficking: An Overview of International, National, Provincial and Municipal Laws and their Enforcement Summary: This report examines current legislation, regulations and law enforcement issues relating to human trafficking for sexual exploitation at four levels: the international, national, state/provincial, and municipal. The report is part of on-going research for the Task Force on the Trafficking of Women and Girls in Canada, convened by the Canadian Women's Foundation (CWF). A previous research report to the Task Force discusses the incidence of sex trafficking in Canada as well as specific issues of trafficking for sexual exploitation in Canada and the impacts on women and girls in particular. The overall purpose of the research is to analyze Canada's legal framework for addressing sex trafficking, place Canada's current legislative responses to sex trafficking at federal, provincial and municipal levels in the context of international obligations and recent developments in other countries, and to examine possible responses and innovative practices for the law and law enforcement. The report is intended to aid the Task Force in formulating its programming and policy responses to the significant problem of sexual exploitation of women and girls in Canada. The report is divided into six main sections, which look at the context in which legislation should be considered, and examines the four levels of applicable law, including a brief discussion of internet regulation as it relates to sex trafficking. The six sections include: - An introduction, providing methodology and context - International protocols and obligations relating to sex trafficking and selected examples of foreign national and state/provincial legislation on human trafficking and prostitution - Canadian Federal legislation - Canadian Provincial legislation - Canadian Municipal regulation - Regulating the internet The final section of the report summarises the main issues arising from the research for further consideration by the Task Force. Summary charts on current international, Canadian Provincial and Municipal responses, and an overall matrix of legislative responses to trafficking for sexual exploitation are included as Appendices to the report (Appendices I-VII). Details: Toronto: Canadian Women's Foundation, 2013. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 30, 2014 at: http://canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files//Laws%20to%20Combat%20Sex%20Trafficking_2.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://canadianwomen.org/sites/canadianwomen.org/files//Laws%20to%20Combat%20Sex%20Trafficking_2.pdf Shelf Number: 133880 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking Internet Crimes Law and Legislation Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Open Society Foundations Title: To Protect and Serve: How Police, Sex Workers, and People Who Use Drugs Are Joining Forces to Improve Health and Human Rights Summary: Around the world, sex workers and people who use drugs report that police are often a major impediment to accessing health and social services. Common police practices- - using condoms as evidence of prostitution, harassing drug users at needle exchange points, or confiscating medications for drug treatment- fuel the HIV epidemic by driving sex workers and drug users away from life-saving services. Emerging partnerships between police, health experts, and community groups are beginning to prove that law enforcement and HIV-prevention programs can work together to save lives while reducing crime. When successfully implemented, these programs reduce the risk of HIV and drug overdose, and protect the health and human rights of these communities. Through detailed case studies from Burma, Ghana, India, Kenya, and Kyrgyzstan, this report examines how public health-centered law enforcement can reduce the risk of HIV infections among sex workers and drug users. The lessons of more than two decades of the response to HIV are clear: Police reform and community-police cooperation are as crucial to HIV prevention among criminalized groups as a condom or a clean needle, and should be supported as a central part of HIV and AIDS programming Details: New York: Open Society Foundations, 2014. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 25, 2014 at: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/protect-serve-20140716.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Africa URL: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/protect-serve-20140716.pdf Shelf Number: 134232 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Abuse Treatment Health Care Police-Community Relations Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Africa)

Author: Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT) Title: Estimating the Size of the Sex Worker Population in South Africa, 2013 Summary: The South African National AIDS Council (SANAC) is tasked with coordinating the country's response to HIV, TB and STIs across all government departments and civil society sectors, monitoring the implementation of the National Strategic Plan (NSP) aimed at responding to these three epidemics; as well as mobilising resources for the effective functioning of SANAC and the implementation of the NSP. SANAC recognises that, like the rest of the South African population where 5.6 million people are estimated to be living with HIV, sex workers are at a much higher risk of HIV, TB and STIs compared to the general population. As a result, it is important for our country to have programmes specifically tailor-made to target the health needs of this sector of society. In this light, the SANAC Secretariat is working with the SANAC Sex Worker Sector and numerous organisations providing advocacy and services for sex workers to establish a national programme for HIV prevention among sex workers and their clients and partners. Sex workers are highly vulnerable to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) due to multiple factors, including large numbers of sex partners, unsafe working conditions and barriers to the negotiation of consistent condom use. Moreover, sex workers often have little control over these factors because of social marginalisation and the restricted legal framework under which they are forced to work. Alcohol, drug use and violence further exacerbate their vulnerability and risk. HIV prevalence rates amongst female sex workers are thought to be as high as 59.6%1, compared to 13.3% amongst women in the general population. This calls for an urgent scaled-up, coordinated national HIV prevention programme for sex workers. However, when designing targeted interventions as part of an expanded and comprehensive response to HIV and AIDS, reliable information is required on the size of high-risk population groups such as this one. While South Africa is able to measure the level of risk behaviour and HIV and STI infection in sex workers, there is limited data to give an indication of the absolute size of this sub-population. Recognising this as a limitation, SANAC commissioned a sex worker size estimation study, and the results are presented in this report. The work was carried out by multiple partners under the leadership of the Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Task Force (SWEAT). Up until now, there have been various estimates of the number of sex workers in the country. The inaccuracy of these figures has proven to be a hindrance for programme planning and implementation. No concerted effort had ever been made to estimate the total size of the sex worker population in the country. This survey marks a new chapter in South Africa�s response to HIV and AIDS. It will provide the government and other stakeholders with data to make evidence-based decisions on how to create an enabling environment for the provision and accessibility of preventive services for sex workers in South Africa. The findings of this sex worker population size estimate will lead to concerted efforts for the design of comprehensive programming, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of targeted intervention programmes. Details: Observatory, South Africa: SWEAT, 2015. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 21, 2015 at: http://www.health-e.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Sex-Workers-Size-Estimation-2013.pdf Year: 2015 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.health-e.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Sex-Workers-Size-Estimation-2013.pdf Shelf Number: 134431 Keywords: HIV (Viruses) Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (South Africa)

Author: Epstein, Rebecca Title: Blueprint: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Domestic Sex Trafficking of Girls Summary: The sex trafficking of American children is one of the most shocking and hidden crimes against our nation's youth. Approximately 83 percent of confirmed sex trafficking victims in this country are United States citizens, and 40 percent of cases involve children. In total, from what few statistics have been gathered, at least 100,000 American children every year are victims of commercial sexual exploitation. These children have fallen through the cracks of our public systems. They remain invisible and unidentified. Yet these girls are known to us. They attend our schools, live in our communities, and many have passed in and out of our child welfare and juvenile justice systems. We can, and must, do better for our girls. This report grows out of a conference held on March 12, 2013, that was hosted by Georgetown Law's Center on Poverty and Inequality; the Human Rights Project for Girls; and The National Crittenton Foundation. The conference, "Critical Connections: A Multi-Systems Approach to the Domestic Sex Trafficking of Girls," gathered survivors, direct service providers, advocates, and state and federal government officials to discuss the challenges of addressing the domestic sex trafficking of children and the importance of working collaboratively to help identify and support survivors. The first half of this report identifies the core components of a comprehensive and collaborative approach to the domestic sex trafficking of girls. This approach, often referred to as "cross-system" or "multidisciplinary," requires cooperative work by relevant agencies and experts to identify and assess survivors' needs and provide the treatment and tools the girls require to heal and to succeed. The second half of this report describes how three jurisdictions have created a multidisciplinary response to the sex trafficking of children, each from a different system perspective: groundbreaking work was initiated in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, by a child advocacy center; in Los Angeles County, by the juvenile justice system; and in Connecticut, by the child welfare system. We elevate these three jurisdictions as models of promising collaborative approaches to the sex trafficking of children. It is our hope that other communities can adapt these models to their unique needs, networks, and sets of systems to improve their recognition and response to these children and this national tragedy. Details: Washington, DC: Center on Poverty and Inequality, Georgetown Law, 2013(?). 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2015 at: http://www.law.georgetown.edu/academics/centers-institutes/poverty-inequality/loader.cfm?csmodule=security/getfile&pageid=169026 Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.law.georgetown.edu/academics/centers-institutes/poverty-inequality/loader.cfm?csmodule=security/getfile&pageid=169026 Shelf Number: 134616 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sexual Exploitation Child Welfare Prostitution Sex Trafficking (U.S.)

Author: Dank, Meredith Title: Surviving the Streets of New York: Experiences of LGBTQ Youth, YMSM, and YWSW Engaged in Survival Sex Summary: Based on interviews with 283 youth in New York City, this is the first study to focus on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning (LGBTQ) youth; young men who have sex with men (YMSM); and young women who have sex with women (YWSW) who get involved in the commercial sex market in order to meet basic survival needs, such as food or shelter. The report documents these youth's experiences and characteristics to gain a better understanding of why they engage in survival sex, describes how the support networks and systems in their lives have both helped them and let them down, and makes recommendations for better meeting the needs of this vulnerable population. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2015. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2015 at: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/2000119-Surviving-the-Streets-of-New-York.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/2000119-Surviving-the-Streets-of-New-York.pdf Shelf Number: 134958 Keywords: Gays, Lesbians and Bisexuals Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Youth Homelessness

Author: Young Women's Empowerment Project Title: Denied help! How youth in the sex trade and street economy are turned awary from systems meant to help us and what we are doing to fight back Summary: Why we started this research: We decided to do this research to show that we are not just objects that violence happens to - but that we are active participants in fighting back and bouncing back. We wanted to move away from the one-dimensional view of girls in the sex trade as only victims and look at all aspects of the situation: violence, our response to the violence, and how we fight back and heal on a daily basis. We build our community by figuring out how we can and do fight back collectively and the role of resilience in keeping girls strong enough to resist. Our research shows that girls in the sex trade face harm from both individuals and institutions. Nearly all the research we could find about girls in the sex trade only looks at individual violence. Many people seem to think that more institutions or social service systems is the solution. YWEP agrees that institutions can be helpful at times, but we also wanted to show the reality that we face: every day, girls are denied access to systems due to participation in the sex trade, being drug users, identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, or being undocumented. We know institutions and social services can and do cause harm in our lives. We present this research to show that the systems that claim to help girls are also causing harm. We want to show that girls in the sex trade are fighting back and healing on their own - within their communities and without relying upon systems. Details: Chicago: Young Women's Empowerment Project, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 30, 2015 at: https://ywepchicago.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/bad-encounter-line-report-20121.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: https://ywepchicago.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/bad-encounter-line-report-20121.pdf Shelf Number: 135075 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Rape Sex Trade Sex Workers Sexual Violence

Author: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Evaluation and Inspections Division Title: The Handling of Sexual Harassment and Misconduct Allegations by the Department's Law Enforcement Components Summary: The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) conducted this review to assess how the Department of Justice's (Department) four law enforcement components respond to sexual misconduct and harassment allegations made against their employees. This review examined the nature, frequency, reporting, investigation, and adjudication of such allegations in the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF); the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); and the United States Marshals Service (USMS). The findings in today's report include: - Component supervisors did not always report allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct to their respective internal affairs offices as required by component policies. In several instances, these supervisors were not disciplined for their failure to report. Additionally, at the FBI and USMS, the internal affairs offices chose not to investigate some allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct despite significant evidence that misconduct had occurred, and DEA's internal affairs office did not always fully investigate allegations of sexual misconduct related to prostitution. - At ATF, DEA, and USMS, we found a lack of coordination between the internal affairs offices and security personnel. As a result, security departments at these components were sometimes unaware of allegations that may impact an employee's eligibility to hold a security clearance and access classified information. In contrast, we found that the FBI's internal affairs office alerts the FBI security department to any such misconduct allegations it receives. - All of the components we reviewed either did not have adequate offense tables or did not properly use their offense tables for charging employees with sexual harassment and sexual misconduct offenses. The offense tables at ATF, DEA, and USMS did not contain adequate language to address the solicitation of prostitutes in jurisdictions where the conduct is legal or tolerated. The FBI offense table contains such a category, but we found instances where general offense categories were applied instead of the specific category. - All four components have weaknesses in detecting the transmission of sexually explicit text messages and images by employees. Although the FBI archives and proactively monitors its employees' text messages, there are limitations to its ability to use this information, and misconduct investigators at ATF, DEA, and USMS cannot easily obtain such text message evidence. These issues may hamper the components' ability to conduct misconduct investigations, fulfill their discovery obligations, and deter misconduct. Finally, today's report notes that the OIG's ability to conduct this review was significantly impacted and unnecessarily delayed by repeated difficulties we had in obtaining relevant information from both the FBI and DEA. Specifically, the FBI and DEA initially refused to provide the OIG with unredacted information which the OIG was entitled to receive under the Inspector General Act. When they finally did provide the information without extensive redactions, we found that it still was incomplete. We were also concerned by an apparent decision by DEA to withhold information regarding a particular open misconduct case despite the fact that the OIG was authorized to receive the information. Because of these difficulties, we cannot be completely confident that the FBI and DEA provided us with all information relevant to this review. Our report reflects the findings and conclusions we reached based on the information made available to us. The report makes eight recommendations to improve the law enforcement components' disciplinary and security processes relating to allegations of sexual misconduct and harassment. The DOJ and the four components reviewed concurred with all of the recommendations. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2015. 139p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 2, 2015 at: http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/2015/e1504.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/2015/e1504.pdf Shelf Number: 135145 Keywords: Child Pornography Law Enforcement Investigations Military (U.S.) Prostitution Rape Sexting Sexual Abuse Sexual Harassment Sexual Misconduct

Author: Sagar, Tracey Title: The Student Sex Work Project Research Summary Summary: Student Sex Work Project was carried out over a three year period (June 2012 - June 2015). The project brought together key partners and agencies/organisations to work with student sex workers to enhance understanding on student involvement in the sex industry and to develop e-health services for student sex workers, as well as guidance and training for Higher Education (HE) and external stakeholders where appropriate. Furthermore, in reaching student sex workers, the project also targeted the broader student population and provided sexual health information to this cohort. The Student Sex Work Project thus clearly entailed far more than the acquisition of new knowledge. This report however focuses on the research element of the project only. It is anticipated that the project's experiences of service provision will be incorporated into future guidance and training packages. The project had two key research aims: 1. To generate new knowledge on student sex work across Wales specifically and the remainder of the UK generally. Particularly, we were interested in the extent and characteristics of students' engagement in the sex industry as well as their motivations, experiences and needs; 2. To consider the need for policy, guidance and training to encourage the provision of appropriate assistance and support for student sex workers (through services such as student wellbeing and student support within HE in Wales). Sex work is defined in terms of 'the exchange of sexual services, performances, or products for material compensation' (Weitzer 2010:1) and thus refers to a wide range of possible activities. Throughout the report distinction is made between direct sex work (popularly understood as 'prostitution') and indirect sex work (sexual services that do not involve a direct and intimate contact with a client such as erotic dancing, webcam services, porn acting, glamour modelling). In addition organisational and auxiliary roles within the sex industry are also taken into account (such as escort manager or receptionist in a parlour) when measuring the overall extent of students' involvement in the sex industry as a whole. Details: Swansea, Wales, UK: Swansea University, 2015. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2015 at: http://www.thestudentsexworkproject.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TSSWP-Research-Summary-English.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.thestudentsexworkproject.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TSSWP-Research-Summary-English.pdf Shelf Number: 135255 Keywords: Pornography Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Industry Sex Workers (U.K.)

Author: McIntyre, Susan Title: Aboriginal Domestic Trafficking in Persons Summary: The data for this report was summarized from the following studies completed by Dr. Susan McIntyre: - The Youngest Profession Oldest Oppression (1994) - Strolling Away (2004) - Under the Radar the Sexual Exploitation of Young Men in Alberta (2005) - Under the Radar the Sexual Exploitation of Young Men in British Columbia (2006) - Under the Radar the Sexual Exploitation of Young Men in Saskatchewan (2008) - Under the Radar the Sexual Exploitation of Young Men in Manitoba (2008) - Under the Radar the Sexual Exploitation of Young Men in Western Canada (2010) The key findings in each subsection were derived from Under the Radar the Sexual Exploitation of Young Men in Western Canada (2010): - A total of 157 young men were interviewed and 96 of them were Aboriginal. The highest Aboriginal representation was from Saskatchewan where 85% were Aboriginal. - A background of sexual abuse prior to the street for this population was 70%. A background of physical abuse was reported in 82% of this Aboriginal population. - A total of 54% of these Aboriginal young men reported self harming actions prior to the street. - Sixty-one percent of this population entered into the Child Welfare system - Running away was reported in 81% of young Aboriginal men - Fifty percent reported being thrown out of their home - The youngest person began work at age 8 and the oldest at 30 with an average age of entering into street sexual exploitation being 15 years of age. - Just over half this population reported a connection to their Aboriginal culture - Eighty-three of the 96 Aboriginal young men (86%) had a history with the police - Seventy percent of this population were victims of violence within the home while 90% had witnessed family violence - Nine years was the average time Aboriginal youth reported working - Self introduction or introduction by a friend was the most common route into sexual exploitation - A family history of sexual exploitation was reported in over 60% of those interviewed - Thirty percent of this population reported being a biological parent - Over 60% of this population had not completed high school - Risk of gay bashing violence for this population is always a risk though only close to half had the experience - Family strain and disconnection was prevalent in 58% of these young men - Eighty-two percent of this population reported addiction as an issue - A person has a sexual orientation in their work life and in their private life - Having regular customers and/or sugar daddies was reported in 86% of those interviewed for the study - Sixty-six percent of this population had moved and worked in sexual exploitation - Over half of this population had worked in more than one province A review of the overall findings was complete, and the Aboriginal data was then separated out and analyzed for the Aboriginal Domestic Trafficking in Persons report. The remainder of this report is a discussion and series of seven recommendations which are as follows: 1. That an environmental scan be undertaken and completed at a national level looking at the services and supports available to sexually exploited young men. It should examine the extent of services available to Aboriginal sexually exploited young men given their overrepresentation in Western Canada. It will also be important that this document be province and city specific. 2. That studies such as Under the Radar be completed in other parts of Canada (e.g. Central and Eastern Canada) looking at the sexual exploitation of young men. National studies have been completed on females in sexual exploitation but not on males. This would provide an opportunity to have a complete picture of sexually exploited young men in Canada and the level of Aboriginal representation. 3. That specific research is undertaken that focuses on the issue of transgendered and/or Two-Spirited persons. That education and training be developed for educators, social service providers, health care workers, police, family and the general public in reference to transgendered and Two-Spirited persons. 4. That programs and services be designed, implemented and evaluated that are specifically focused on young sexually exploited young men; and that sexually exploited young men be the primary focus in this process. Specific attention should be directed toward the risk factors facing Aboriginal persons. 5. That a Federal Territorial Provincial Working Group be set up to look at sexually exploited young men. Establishing a gender-specific committee will ensure their needs is being considered from a program, policy and legal prospective. 6. That specific prevention and training programs be developed in looking at sexually exploited Aboriginal persons. Prevention programs and training materials should be designed, developed and delivered examining the role residential schools have played in impacting parents and their communities. These programs could be delivered to families, parents and the community both urban, rural and on reserve. 7. That training and education be designed and delivered to government, correctional and social service practitioners and students on the issue of sexual exploitation of young men including Transgendered and Two-Spirited individuals. Focus should be directed to the overrepresentation of Aboriginal persons and the relationship this has to residential school history. Details: Calgary, Alberta: Hindsight Group, 2012. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 1, 2015 at: http://www.hindsightgroup.com/Resources/Documents/Aboriginal%20Domestic%20Trafficking%20in%20Persons%20Final%20May%2018%20.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.hindsightgroup.com/Resources/Documents/Aboriginal%20Domestic%20Trafficking%20in%20Persons%20Final%20May%2018%20.pdf Shelf Number: 135491 Keywords: Aboriginals Human Trafficking Indigenous People Male Prostitutes Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation (Canada)

Author: Murphy, Laura T. Title: The Louisiana Human Trafficking Report Summary: A first-ever report on human trafficking in the New Orleans metro area released March 21 by Loyola University New Orleans sheds light on the problem, highlighting indicators that suggest sex trafficking and forced labor are significant concerns for the area. While New Orleans has rapidly increased its legal, law enforcement and service provider capacity to address human trafficking in the last five years, obstacles stand in the way of effectively assisting victims, according to the report. The Modern Slavery Research Project at Loyola, with the support of the New Orleans Human Trafficking Work Group, released "The Louisiana Human Trafficking Report," authored by Loyola professor Laura Murphy, Ph.D., who leads the research project and the work group, and alumnus Brian Ea. For nine months, Murphy and other researchers turned to survivors, service providers, social workers, journalists, law enforcement, and local and state officials to uncover the pressing issues of human trafficking in the last 10 years, including the area's preponderance of sexual entertainment services, barriers for victims to report the crimes, high rates of poverty and youth homelessness. In the first six months of 2013 alone, a hotline run by the National Human Trafficking Resource Center received 227 reports from Louisiana, approximately the same number received in all of 2012. Among the likely human trafficking cases gleaned from those hotline calls, at least half involved minors. Sixty-eight percent were sex trafficking related, while at least 16 percent were cases of labor trafficking. But those statistics only uncover the tip of the iceberg, according to Murphy. Those statistics capture only a fraction of the cases - only those cases identified by a citizen and then reported to law enforcement or through other official channels such as the hotline. "Understanding human trafficking in the United States is incredibly difficult because exploited laborers tend to be a hidden population. The Modern Slavery Research project is dedicated to producing thoughtful, data-driven, community-based research that can better inform our community's approach to this issue," she said. "This report is only the beginning of the research we need to do to uncover the prevalence and scope of trafficking in Louisiana." Murphy, on a mission to help combat human trafficking in the Crescent City, hopes that the report will be used as ammunition to fuel ongoing efforts to address both sex and labor trafficking. In that realm, the report points to several recommendations that aim to improve awareness and response to trafficking, including: -Establish a dedicated human trafficking legal court in New Orleans; - Vacate criminal records for all crimes committed by adults that are determined to be a result of labor or sex trafficking victimization; -Pursue appropriate cases as human trafficking instead of the Fair Labor Standards Act or, in the cases of sex trafficking, pandering or inciting prostitution; -Focus on arrest of traffickers instead of sex workers; -Increase training to health care professionals on identifying victims of trafficking; -Expand access to self-esteem, harm-reduction and anti-trafficking curricula for youth; and -Create a high school anti-human trafficking curriculum with sustainable dissemination model. Details: New Orleans: Loyola University New Orleans, 2014. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://admin.loyno.edu/webteam/userfiles/file/LA%20HT%20Report%20final.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5887a2a61b631bfbbc1ad83a/t/59498f8b5016e1fb9956b1e7/1497993139659/LouisianaHT.pdf Shelf Number: 135631 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: McIntyre, Susan Title: Under the Radar: The Sexual Exploitation of Young Men - Saskatchewan Edition. Summary: In December of 2002, Strolling Away was released. Strolling Away represented a longitudinal retrospective study that examined young people from the sexual exploitation trade in 1991-1992 and then again in 2001-2002. The opportunity to interview individuals 10 years later was valuable. One of its major findings was that we know very little about young men involved in the sexual exploitation trade. The young men I interviewed commented on how my questions were "chick questions". It was clear that we have traditionally looked at this issue through a female lens. It became evident through this study that more research was required in order to understand young men in the sexual exploitation trade. Interviews for Under the Radar: The Sexual Exploitation of Young Men - Saskatchewan Edition began in April 2006 and wrapped up in December 2006. Forty young men were interviewed in total. Twenty interviews occurred in Regina and 20 in Saskatoon. A total of 10 of the 40 interviewed had exited the sexual exploitation trade. Characteristics of Respondents - 85% of this population are Aboriginal - 62% had involvement with child welfare services - 28% completed high school - 78% had a history of running away - 75% had a history prior to the street of being sexually violated - 80% had been physically violated and witnessed aggression while growing up - 83% entered the sexual exploitation trade under the age of 18 years of age - 10% entered the sexual exploitation trade over the age of 20 years of age - Males enter the sexual exploitation trade younger and stay longer than young women - 30% experienced staying in shelters - Almost everyone felt no one should do this type of work - The fear of gay-bashing exists - Drug use is extensive - Exiting the sexual exploitation trade is a long process, usually attempted more than once - Almost everyone has in the past, and continues to access HIV / STD testing Summary of Discoveries - Young men have comparable histories of sexual and physical abuse to young women - Young men in this study were gay, heterosexual and bisexual - Young men create a construct to achieve a level of performance - The issue of young men, as opposed to women in the sexual exploitation trade creates a sense of discomfort - Young men begin younger and work longer - A significant portion enter the sexual exploitation trade over the age of 18 - Young men fly under the radar of service providers - Young men have unique service needs different from young women - Public education on condom use and HIV testing has worked - The connection between the street and drug use is longer and greater in the variety of drugs for young men - Young men have strained and distant relationships with their family - Running away often triggers entrance into the sexual exploitation trade Details: Calgary, Alberta: The Hindsight Group, 2008. 129p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2015 at: http://www.hindsightgroup.com/Resources/Documents/Under%20the%20Radar%20Saskatchewan%20Edition.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Canada URL: http://www.hindsightgroup.com/Resources/Documents/Under%20the%20Radar%20Saskatchewan%20Edition.pdf Shelf Number: 135648 Keywords: Male Prostitutes Male Prostitution Male Sexual Abuse Victims Male Sexual Exploitation Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Sex Workers United Against Violence Title: My Work Should Not Cost Me My Life. The Case against Criminalizing the Purchase of Sex in Canada Summary: On December 20, 2013, the Supreme Court of Canada rendered a landmark decision that substantially reshaped Canada's legal framework regarding adultprostitution. The case of Bedford v. Canada resulted in the striking down of three provisions of the Criminal Code: the communication, bawdy-house and living on the avails laws. The Court found that these three provisions violate section 7 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the "Charter") given their negative impact on sex workers' security of the person. The declaration of invalidity of the laws did not, however, take effect immediately. The Court gave the government one year to contemplate whether new prostitution laws should be enacted. The Bedford decision has brought Canada to a critical juncture. Will Canada shift away from the criminalization of adult sex work? Or will the government continue to criminalize sex work in other ways? The Canadian government has indicated its interest in the approach taken in Sweden, which enacted a law in 1999 prohibiting the purchase of sexual services. Given the active debate that is occurring in Canada and around the world regarding Sweden's approach to criminalization, it is an important time to examine and evaluate the evidence regarding the impact of this model. For this report, Pivot Legal Society collaborated with Sex Workers United Against Violence ("SWUAV") to produce a report which draws on a newly published peer reviewed report in British Medical Journal Open by Krusi et al., entitled "Criminalisation of Clients: Reproducing Vulnerabilities for Violence and Poor Health among Street-Based Sex Workers in Canada. A Qualitative Study." ("Krusi et al. report"). The research for the Krusi et al. report was conducted by the Gender and Sexual Health Initiative (GSHI) of the BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS and the University of British Columbia ("GSHI/UBC research") as part a larger ongoing research study on the health and safety of street and off-street sex workers throughout Metro Vancouver. The Krusi et al. report is available at www.gshi.cfenet.ubc.ca. Pivot Legal Society, in partnership with SWUAV, drew on the findings of the Krusi et al. report as the evidentiary basis for an analysis of the constitutionality of a prohibition on the purchase of sexual services. Pivot and SWUAV, as community partners and co-authors in the GSHI/UBC research, provided legal/ policy input on the Krusi et al. report and, as such, had advance access to the research. This research was used to prepare this constitutional analysis. The GSHI/UBC research was conducted in Vancouver, which is an important site for an evaluation of the effects of law enforcement targeting purchases of sexual services. Over the past five years or so, the Vancouver Police Department ("VPD") has gradually shifted away from arresting street-based sex workers, while still actively arresting clients. In January 2013, this practice became official policy with the approval of the VPD's Sex Work Enforcement Guidelines ("VPD Guidelines"). Under the VPD Guidelines, the police continue to actively target clients of sex workers through undercover stings and patrols of areas where street-based sex work takes place. The experience of sex workers in this city is instructive and should be a key consideration as government designs Canada's prostitution laws in the post-Bedford environment. Details: Vancouver, BC: Pivot Legal Society, Sex Workers United Against Violence, 2014. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 2, 2015 at: http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/pivotlegal/pages/615/attachments/original/1401811234/My_Work_Should_Not_Cost_Me_My_Life.pdf?1401811234 Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/pivotlegal/pages/615/attachments/original/1401811234/My_Work_Should_Not_Cost_Me_My_Life.pdf?1401811234 Shelf Number: 135848 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Zimmermann-Schwartz, Claudia Title: Report: Round Table Summary: Political Mandate With a view to promoting the implementation of the Prostitution Act of the Federal government, a Round Table "Prostitution" was established according to the coalition agreement of the government parties SPD and Bundnis 90/Die Grunen of July 2010; its objective was to develop an action plan for the necessary adjustments of the State law. This political mandate was taken up at an early stage by the "red and green" State government. As soon as December 14, 2012, it had approved the establishment of this body and commissioned the Minister of Health, Equalities and Ageing of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia as the lead institution. Guiding concepts The cabinet's decision also highlights the legal and political guiding concepts the State government links with the establishment of the Round Table "Prostitution". The government's guiding concept is an emancipated society without exclusion. This also means that the free decision of people to engage in prostitution has to be respected and protected by the established law. Whoever decides to practice this profession shall do so under the rule of law and decent conditions. For the State government, the objective is to reinforce prostitutes' right to self-determination, improve their working conditions and protect them against violence. The State government considers this action to also be an important contribution to the fight against human trafficking and the uncovering of unreported cases. Legal situation Since the mandate given to the Round Table "Prostitution" refers to "implementing the Prostitution Act", it is necessary to take a look at the legal situation. The Prostitution Act of January 1, 2002 was passed by the federal legislator in order to improve the legal situation of prostitutes. Details: Dusselforf: Ministry for Health, Equalities, Care and Age, of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, 2015. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 4, 2015 at: http://www.mgepa.nrw.de/emanzipation/frauen/frau_und_beruf/runder_tisch_prostitution/finalreport-prostitution_2015-03-30_weblinks.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Germany URL: http://www.mgepa.nrw.de/emanzipation/frauen/frau_und_beruf/runder_tisch_prostitution/finalreport-prostitution_2015-03-30_weblinks.pdf Shelf Number: 135889 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Czarnecki, Dorothea Title: Prostitution in Germany - A Comprehensive Analysis of Complex Challenges Summary: Debate about prostitution was rekindled in Germany in the autumn of 2013, in connection with a number of national and international media and policy campaigns. This debate has often conflated two different issues: prostitution on the one hand, and human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation on the other. This in turn has led to incorrect information being spread about the legal situation and practice in Germany. A campaign by the European Women's Lobby, for example, seeks to "free" Europe from prostitution. Along with the Bild-Zeitung and Der Spiegel, feminists both at home and abroad are calling Germany "Europe's brothel". In the autumn of 2013 the women's magazine EMMA called on its readers to sign a petition to criminalize sex workers' clients and to eliminate prostitution as such. In response, the newly founded Professional Association for Erotic and Sexual Services (Berufsverband erotische und sexuelle Dienstleistungen - BesD) proceeded to release its own "pro prostitution" petition. We, the authors of this analysis, are feminists who work with both sex workers and trafficked persons as part of our professional activities, which include providing psychosocial support, doing research, and seeking to improve the situation of these two groups in terms of both policy and practice (see the bios in section 14). We seek to achieve a secure legal framework for sex workers, because we know that strengthening their rights will lead to greater protection against violence, better disease prevention and health services, and also reduce the social stigmatization and humiliating treatment they experience from authorities. We are publishing this analysis to help provide a more objective and nuanced basis for discussion about prostitution. We seek to present a realistic view of prostitution in Germany that is based on research and professional experience. Our analysis of this issue focuses on the rights and legal equality of sex workers, and on the protection thereof. We do not make value judgments about prostitution. We realize that not all feminists share this position. Some feminists view prostitution as a threat to women's right to equality with men and to a life free of male violence and patriarchal dominance. They fear that the public presence of prostitutes, along with the associated sexualized and stereotypical view of women and the character of the sexual services they provide, could make these social struggles more difficult and undermine the achievements of the women's movement. We take these fears very seriously. These questions are of concern to many women who are clearly willing to take a closer look at the issues and not to simplify them on the basis of any ideology. We are aware that this constitutes a dilemma - the rights of individuals or a minority stand in opposition to the widespread wish for a society without prostitution. But this dilemma may not be resolved in a one-sided manner. Comprehensive account must be taken of different situations, different worlds, and the "obstinate lifestyles of others" (Nauerth 2012:58). This is a matter of self-determination - and of respect for decisions that women make in the face of greatly reduced options. And many women make decisions that others would strictly reject for themselves. Details: Berlin: SPI Research, 2014. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 8, 2015 at: http://www.spi-research.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ProstitutioninGermanyEN_main.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Germany URL: http://www.spi-research.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ProstitutioninGermanyEN_main.pdf Shelf Number: 135965 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Doyle, Charles Title: Sex Trafficking: An Overview of Federal Criminal Law Summary: Sex trafficking is a state crime. Federal law, however, makes it a federal crime to conduct the activities of a sex trafficking enterprise in a way that affects interstate or foreign commerce or that involves travel in interstate or foreign commerce. Section 1591 of Title 18 of the United States Code outlaws sex trafficking activities that affect interstate or foreign commerce. The Mann Act outlaws sex trafficking activities that involve travel in interstate or foreign commerce. The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 (Victims Justice Act; P.L. 114-22/S. 178) amended both 1591 and the Mann Act. Section 1591 now provides in part the following: "Whoever knowingly in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, recruits, entices, harbors, transports, provides, obtains, advertises, maintains, patronizes, or solicits by any means a person; knowing, or in reckless disregard of the fact, that means of force, threats of force, fraud, coercion ... , or any combination of such means will be used to cause the person to engage in a commercial sex act, or that the person has not attained the age of 18 years and will be caused to engage in a commercial sex act," shall be imprisoned not less than 15 years (not less than 10 years, if the victim is 14 years of age or older and the offender is less than 18 years of age). The Mann Act outlaws prostitution and unlawful sexual activities that involve interstate or foreign travel. It consists of three principal substantive sections. Section 2421 proscribes the interstate or foreign transportation of someone for purposes of prostitution or unlawful sexual activity; misconduct which is punishable by imprisonment for not more than 10 years. Section 2422 condemns coercing or enticing another person to travel in interstate or foreign commerce to engage in prostitution or unlawful sexual activity, or using interstate communications to coerce or entice a child to engage in such conduct. The communications offense is punishable by imprisonment for not less than 10 years; the travel offense by imprisonment for not more than 20 years. Section 2423 outlaws four distinct offenses: (1) 2423(a)-transportation of a child in interstate or foreign commerce for purposes of prostitution or unlawful sexual purposes; (2) 2423(b)-interstate or foreign travel for purposes of unlawful sexual abuse of a child; (3) 2423(c)-foreign travel and subsequent unlawful sexual abuse of a child; and (4) 2423(d)- arranging, for profit, the travel outlawed in any of these offenses. The first is punishable by imprisonment for not less than 10 years, each of the others by imprisonment for not more than 30 years. An offender also faces the prospect of a fine of not more than $250,000 (not more than $500,000 for an organization); unless indigent, to a special assessment of $5,000; a term of supervised release of not less than five years; an order to pay the victim restitution; and the confiscation of any property derived from, or used to facilitate commission of, any of the offenses. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Office, 2015. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: CRS R43597: Accessed July 9, 2015 at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43597.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43597.pdf Shelf Number: 135988 Keywords: Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: NSW Parliamentary Research Service Title: Brothel regulation in NSW Summary: The question of how to effectively regulate brothels has led to considerable divergence in regulatory models used in both Australian and overseas jurisdictions. The most decriminalised of all Australian jurisdictions, NSW relies primarily on planning laws to regulate brothels. In December 2010, the NSW Coalition's Shadow Minister for Intergovernmental Relations released an election plan for a brothel licensing regime. This regime was to involve "stringent vetting of brothel licence applicants to clamp down on the use of brothels by organised crime groups and unsuitable persons". A licensing scheme was not introduced during the Coalition Government's first term in office. On 25 June 2015, Minister for Innovation and Better Regulation Victor Dominello announced a parliamentary inquiry into brothel regulation in NSW. The Legislative Assembly's Select Committee on the Regulation of Brothels, which will report by 12 November 2015, is to examine and report on: a) appropriate local and State Government regulatory and compliance functions for brothels; b) the demarcation in local and State Government roles and responsibilities; and c) possible reform options that address the social, health and planning challenges associated with legal and illegal brothels. This backgrounder updates the 2011 NSW Parliamentary Research Service ebrief Regulation of brothels: an update with recent sources as well as outlining some international regulatory models. The backgrounder provides a collection of sources on brothel regulation, including research reports, journal articles, and other commentary. The sources listed represent a small selection from a substantial amount of available literature. Links are provided to the full text of sources throughout the paper. Details: Sydney: NSW Parliamentary Research Service, 2015. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Issues Backgrounder Number 1/July 2015: Accessed July 29, 2015 at: http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/key/BrothelregulationinNSW/$File/Brothel+Regulation+in+NSW.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/key/BrothelregulationinNSW/$File/Brothel+Regulation+in+NSW.pdf Shelf Number: 136230 Keywords: Brothels Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Boff, Andrew Title: Silence on Violence: Improving the Safety of Women. The policing of off-streete sex work and sex trafficking in London Summary: All evidence available demonstrates that female sex workers1 are at a far higher risk of violence than any other group of women. Active sex workers were almost 18 times more likely to be murdered than women of similar age and race in one study on the mortality rates among sex workers. The reasons for female sex workers' vulnerability are complex and manifold; but a belief by the perpetrators that their attacks and even murders will be underreported to police by prostitutes or their colleagues and families plays an important role. There is an extensive and morally equivocal debate about the rights and wrongs behind selling sexual services, reflecting different standpoints on exploitation, markets, inequality, gender roles, morality, freedom of choice, and safety. Highly personal attitudes towards sex work from all sides have made discussions and policy in this area very difficult to formulate and, as such, areas of potentially significant concern within sex work have often been overlooked. This report leaves aside, as far as possible, the debate described above, and focuses on one crucial area within sex work - the safety of the women involved. The report aims to look into two overarching areas related to women's safety within the sex industry: the policing of sex trafficking, and within that policing for the Olympics; and the general policing of sex workers. It also aims to focus on off street prostitution. This is for several reasons including the fact that evidence shows that street prostitution very rarely, if at all, involves trafficked women. Details: London: GLA Conservatives, 2012. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2015 at: http://glaconservatives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/03/Report-on-the-Safety-of-Sex-Workers-Silence-on-Violence.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://glaconservatives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/03/Report-on-the-Safety-of-Sex-Workers-Silence-on-Violence.pdf Shelf Number: 136283 Keywords: . Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Rand, April M. Title: "It's a Marathon Not a Race": Exiting the Commercial Sex Trade Summary: Few studies provide detailed accounts of the exiting process and the catalysts that influence the movement toward exiting the commercial sex trade. A better understanding of this process is needed to facilitate the design of targeted and effective interventions for persons who have been involved in the commercial sex trade. Consequently, the purpose of this inquiry was to examine the process men and women undergo when exiting the commercial sex trade and to explore the role of social service providers in the exiting process. This dissertation used a feminist framework and qualitative methods to explore the experiences of 19 survivors who were in the process of exiting the commercial sex trade. The social service response was examined through individual and group interviews with 12 social service providers. The themes and findings suggest that exiting is a long and complex process that requires a tremendous amount of internal drive and social support. Moreover the findings indicate that the current social service systems are not meeting the unique needs of this client population. Suggestions for social work practice, policy, and research are presented. Details: Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, 2014. 204p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 4, 2015 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248978.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248978.pdf Shelf Number: 136311 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Hakim, Catherine Title: Supply and Desire: Sexuality and the sex industry in the 21st Century Summary: New evidence from international sex surveys show large and continuing differences between male and female perspectives on sexuality in all cultures. Male sexual desire is manifested at least twice as often as female desire, and men would like to have sex twice as often as women. This gap in sexual desire between men and women is growing over time and cannot be dismissed as an out-dated patriarchal myth as argued by some feminists. The sexual deficit among (heterosexual) men helps to explain many puzzles, including why men are the principal customers for commercial sexual entertainments of all kinds. It is no surprise that sex workers (male and female) cater to men almost exclusively. Male demand for sex invariably outstrips female demand. Demand for commercial sex is therefore inevitable and the sex industry is likely to continue to flourish in the 21st century. Not only does male demand for sexual activity greatly outstrip non-commercial female supply, but economic growth, globalisation and the Internet facilitate access to the world's oldest profession. Several factors suggest that the male sex deficit will not disappear, and might even grow in the 21st century. Women's increasing economic independence allows them to withdraw from sexual markets and relationships that they perceive to offer unfair bargains, especially if they already have enough children or do not want any. Changes in national sex ratios towards a numerical surplus of men helps women to reset the rules in their own favour in developed societies. A key objection to the sex industry is that it damages women and that the presence of porn, lap-dancing and prostitution in a country promotes rape and other violence against women. However, although there are too few rigorous studies to draw definitive conclusions, all the available evidence points in the direction of prostitution and erotic entertainments having no noxious psychological or social effects, and they may even help to reduce sexual crime rates. In many countries, including Britain, it is perfectly legal to sell sexual services; however any third-party involvement is illegal. The aim is to prevent exploitation by pimps or madams. The effect is to criminalise the industry and brothels, to prevent girls working together in a flat for their mutual protection, to prevent anyone from lawfully supplying services to a sex worker or even rent a flat to them. The commercial sex industry is impervious to prohibitions and cannot be eliminated. Countries that criminalise buyers (such as Sweden) simply push demand abroad to countries with a more sex-positive culture. Policies that criminalise sellers directly, or criminalise third parties who supply them with services, simply push the sex industry underground, increasing risks for sex workers. The sex industry is estimated to be worth over four billon pounds to the British economy. It should be completely decriminalised. Details: London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2015. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: IEA Discussion Paper no. 61: Accessed August 10, 2015 at: http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/DP_Supply%20and%20Desire_61_amended_web.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/DP_Supply%20and%20Desire_61_amended_web.pdf Shelf Number: 136375 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Liberty Asia Title: From every angle: Using the law to combat human trafficking in Southeast Asia Summary: Modern-day slavery takes many forms: human trafficking, forced and bonded labour, sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. The common denominator of all these crimes is the evil intention to strip human beings of their freedom, and then to use, control, abuse and exploit them. Although often hidden, these odious crimes are all too common on fishing boats in Thailand, brothels in Cambodia, behind the closed doors of homes in Hong Kong, or in hotels in Western countries. As part of the wider efforts to combat these hateful crimes, the Thomson Reuters Foundation has teamed up with Liberty Asia and a number of leading law firms, to produce 'From every angle: Using the law to combat human trafficking in Southeast Asia'. Fighting human trafficking through our global pro bono programme TrustLaw is a core focus of the Thomson Reuters Foundation. The report looks at the laws that apply in a range of scenarios: a woman is promised employment as a domestic worker, but receives abuse instead of her pay; a boy moves for a construction job, but is held against his will and denied fair wages; a woman moves country for a job, only to be forced to work in a brothel. While all these scenarios involve trafficking, it is not just trafficking laws that apply. We hope the report will highlight the range of offences that can occur in a trafficking situation, such as assault, sexual violence, employment and immigration law breaches, to enable more prosecutions and combat the culture of impunity for the traffickers and the offenders, whoever they are. The report focuses on seven countries in Southeast Asia. However, trafficking is a global issue. TrustLaw connects lawyers in over 170 countries with NGOs, like Liberty Asia, to provide free legal assistance on pressing global issues or to support their legal needs. Modern day slavery is a big part of our Trust Women Conference - a fast-growing movement to put the rule of law behind women's rights and trigger concrete action. Details: London: Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2014. 269p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 26, 2015 at: http://lawyer-vietnam.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/From-every-angle.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://lawyer-vietnam.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/From-every-angle.pdf Shelf Number: 134306 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Day Slavery Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Massachusetts Interagency Human Trafficking Policy Task Force Title: Findings and Recommendations Summary: It is estimated that across the United States nearly 300,000 children are trafficked for sex every year. The U.S. Justice Department has identified the average age of entry into prostitution is 13.7 These cases involve tremendous violence, are complex and expensive to prosecute. Victims are brutalized in the worst ways imaginable. In Massachusetts, there is currently no systematic way to quantify the problem much less identify and meet the needs of victims. Trafficking victims are individuals lured into this country and Massachusetts with false promises of legitimate work, only often to be forced into the sex or labor industry upon arrival. They are also domestic and Massachusetts born runaways being taken in by traffickers and forced to trade sex for a place to sleep, or girls being baited into "the life" by a presumed boyfriend who later reveals himself as a pimp. Much like a victim of domestic violence, human trafficking victims are trapped by fear, isolation, and brutality at the hands of their traffickers. The Task Force recognizes that frequently one victim is subjected to both sex and labor trafficking. However, because these two types of trafficking are often addressed differently, a separate and in-depth discussion of each is provided below to best understand their specific aspects. Sex Trafficking Sex trafficking of U.S. citizens and foreign nationals occurs across the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. For example, in 2011, The E.V.A. Center, a Boston-based program that works with adult women involved in the sex trade, reported that the program served 225 adult women since the program began in 2006.8 Of these women, 20 were identified as foreign nationals and 145 were between the ages of 17 and 25. The E.V.A. Center reports that over half of the women were court involved with an over half of the women were court involved with an over representation of young women aging out of government systems, such as the custody of the Massachusetts Department of Children and Families ("DCF") and the Department of Youth Services ("DYS"). The majority of women were referred at a point of crisis, largely from law enforcement ("LE"), community clinics, hospitals, the Massachusetts Department of Transitional Assistance, the Probation Department, and SafeLink, the Massachusetts domestic violence hotline. Similarly, the commercial sexual exploitation of youth occurs across the Commonwealth. Although state-wide statistics are not available, in a 2012 report the Children's Advocacy Center ("CAC") of Suffolk County noted that, "[i]n recent years, hundreds of girls in the Boston area have been drawn into 'the life' of commercial sexual exploitation; countless others remain at risk." The report documented more than 480 child victims of sexual exploitation received services in Suffolk County between 2005 and 2012. Of these children, 98% were girls, and 65% of the girls were girls of color. Moreover, the majority were runaways and/or victims of child abuse. The CAC report also acknowledges that "[b]oys and transgendered youth are also involved in commercial sexual exploitation of children ("CSEC"), but less visible." There is a lack of understanding of the nature and extent of trafficking of men and boys. Furthermore, there is a dearth of information regarding children being trafficked in other regions of the Commonwealth, and the identification of child victims outside of Boston remains a challenge. There is also a connection between homelessness and trafficking in Massachusetts, irrespective of age. According to a 2005 report from the Massachusetts Department of Education ("DOE"), approximately 12,000 Massachusetts high school students are homeless with 5,000 unaccompanied or without a guardian. Of these youth, 47% experienced mental illness, 21% of homeless youth have substance abuse issues (compared to 2% of housed youth), and 20% of youth are involved in the criminal justice system. According to Steven Procopio, staff member at Boston GLASS Surviving Our Struggle and subcommittee member, homeless men and boys are more vulnerable to become commercially exploited. Procopio reports that sexually exploited youth are often former runaways due to family violence, sexual abuse, and sexual identity issues. Many turn to the sex industry as a survival mechanism to obtain food or shelter. Survivors report high rates of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, and they are often exploited sexually by men and/or women with economic means. Labor Trafficking Labor trafficking takes a variety of forms in Massachusetts, including forced labor, domestic servitude, or debt bondage in workplaces such as restaurants, bars, nail salons, and factories. Throughout Massachusetts, many individuals work in industries where they are increasingly vulnerable to exploitation, and this is compounded by fact that many of these industries function in the underground economy. In 2011, Governor Deval Patrick recognized the hazards of these jobs, noting that the underground economy "exploits vulnerable workers and deprives them of legal benefits and protections." While trafficking involves both U.S. citizen and foreign nationals, undocumented workers are often particularly vulnerable to abuse due to their lack of immigration status and fear of deportation. According to a 2012 study by The Immigrant Learning Center, large industries in Massachusetts thrive off of immigrant workers, including accommodations and food services (10.5%), health care and social assistance (15.6%), manufacturing (13.6%), and retail (9.6%).17 Furthermore, the report states, "immigrants are much more highly concentrated in occupations that require little education such as building and grounds cleaning and maintenance (3.13%), production (2.24%), health care support (1.74%), food preparation and serving (1.67%) and farming, fishing, and forestry (1.43%)" - industries where workers are more prone to abuse and exploitation. While labor statistics are not available, Lutheran Social Services of New England, an organization that provides case management and legal services to labor trafficking survivors, confirmed recent cases of labor trafficking in Massachusetts. Cases included: - Workers living in restaurants and subject to poor working conditions and nonpayment of wages; - Domestic workers from Brazil, Bolivia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda, employed to provide housekeeping or child care services; - Dancers in strip clubs throughout Massachusetts; - Employees of diplomats brought to the United States to work; - Women working in massage parlors or apartments providing sexual and massage services (mixed sex/labor cases); - Factories employing workers using threats of deportation and poor working conditions; - Agricultural and seasonal workers; - H-2B workers employed by companies providing substandard working conditions and housing to workers; - Women lured by promises to marry or of romance who are then coerced to work; and - Children coerced to beg for money on the street. Workers in certain sectors were more prone to abuse. For example, temporary workers in Massachusetts have been particularly vulnerable to exploitation. According to a 2011 report by the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, more than 941 temporary agencies employed 65,720 workers each day, working in industries such as construction, manufacturing, warehousing, and landscaping. Mirna Montano, Massachusetts Coalition for Occupational Safety and Health ("MassCOSH") Worker Center organizer, reports "We had so many frustrated and upset workers coming to us for help with unpaid wages, injuries, illegal fees," and "bad employers [knew] that they could get away with leaving workers in the dark regarding almost everything: pay rate, who was covering workers' compensation insurance, [and] how much transportation would cost." In July 2012, the Massachusetts legislature passed a statute aimed at extending greater protection to temporary workers. However, little is yet known about the legislation's impact on exploitation and trafficking. Details: Boston: The Task Force, 2013. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 31, 2015 at: http://www.mass.gov/ago/docs/ihttf/ihttf-findings.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.mass.gov/ago/docs/ihttf/ihttf-findings.pdf Shelf Number: 136647 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Debt Bondage Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Runaways Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cyrus, Norbert Title: Demand Arguments in Debates on Trafficking in Human Beings: Using an historical and economic approach to achieve conceptual clarification Summary: This first DemandAT working paper by Norbert Cyrus and Dita Vogel seeks to clarify the concept of demand in the context of trafficking in human beings. It approaches this task by historically analysing the emergence of the concept of demand within legal frameworks related to trafficking. The paper also discusses the understanding of demand as a concept in economics and whether and how this can be applied to trafficking in human beings. Working Paper 1 makes recommendations on terminology for the DemandAT project including: -the definition of demand as 'the willingness and ability to buy a particular commodity' 'the definition of demand-side policies and measures as reserved for activities that seek to influence the demand for final commodities (such as consumer goods and services) Details: Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), 2015. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 11, 2015 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT%20WP1%20Cyrus%20Vogel%20June%202015a.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT%20WP1%20Cyrus%20Vogel%20June%202015a.pdf Shelf Number: 136720 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: National Crime Research Centre (Kenya) Title: Human trafficking in Kenya Summary: Background This study sought to examine human trafficking in Kenya. Human trafficking is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. The general objective of study was to examine human trafficking in Kenya with a view to informing prevention, control and mitigation measures by agencies in the criminal justice system. The study examined the prevalence of human trafficking in Kenya, main types/forms, factors contributing to human trafficking; victims and their socio-economic profiles, survival mechanisms of victims and survivors; the recruiters and their socio-economic profiles; facilitators and networks, sources, transit routes, modes of transportation and destinations of trafficked human beings. The payment cost involved, socio-economic effects of human trafficking, intervention strategies and their effectiveness; and finally best practices in preventing and combating trafficking in human beings; challenges faced in preventing and combating and possible solutions. This research was initiated to provide detailed understanding of human trafficking in Kenya. Study Methods The study employed a survey design. This design of the methodology implied spending a lot of time in the communities where victims of human trafficking could be found. The techniques applied were the following: analysis of secondary reference materials, observation, unstructured and semi-structured interviews with key informant. Data was collected using questionnaire for Key Informants and Interview schedules for sample respondents. Data was analyzed using statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Findings are then presented in distribution frequency and percentage tables and figures. The use of descriptions and quotations was instrumental in the analysis and presentation of qualitative data. All the data was presented in themes guided by the research questions. Review of literature identified gaps in policy and related studies is also covered. The field work was carried out in the across the Country in 20 counties that were sampled, with 735 sample respondents with 25 key informants drawn from institutions addressing human trafficking in Kenya and elsewhere. Key Findings Results of the study indicate that: i. Trafficking of people from Kenya to other nations was the most prevalent (external trafficking) in Kenya at 60.2%. 84% of the respondents indicated awareness of human trafficking and out of these, 55% indicated that prevalence of human trafficking was quite high, 36% indicated that it was medium and 9% said that it was low. On the most prevalent type/ form of trafficking, trafficking for labour scored highest followed by child trafficking and trafficking for prostitution at 58.7%, 24.1% and 17.1% respectively. ii. Forms of trafficking prevalent in Kenya were labour and sex related at 44% and 53% respectively. Trafficking involves children, men and women at 33%, 26% and 41% respectively. iii. Poverty and unemployment are the main factors contributing to human trafficking. In domestic poverty was highest at 47.1% and external at 37.6%. Unemployment scored second highest at 34.1% in external and 23.7% in domestic. iv. Victims of human trafficking are children, men and women and their socio-economic profiles are low income, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, desire for well paying jobs, domestic violence and social exclusion. v. Most survivors of human trafficking engage in self employment as a survival strategy at 28.5% and doing odd jobs at 20.8%. Other activities that they are involved in includes; support from relatives and well wishers; Enganging in prostitution; Involved in crime,; Get counselling services; Get government/ NGO'S assistance; Live in isolation and Joining religious groups. For the victims they comply with traffickers as their only survival strategy vi. Recruiters of human trafficking victims are relatives at 40.%, businessmen at 23%,, friends at 20.9% , government officers, wealth people in the village, middle and high level professional, teachers, social workers and religious leaders. Socio-economic profiles of recruiters are middle and high income earners, individuals who command a following and respect from people. They are generally influential persons in society. vii. High levels of Poverty and unemployment in the country are the main facilitators in external trafficking at 25.7% and 26% respectively. Ready markets for casual labour and corruption also scored high at 12% and 11.6%. Others were ; Ideology of better life styles, Illiteracy, its a lucrative business, porous border points and lack of awareness (civic education). viii. 70.5% of the respondents indicated that most of the victims in domestic trafficking are sourced from rural areas and 21.6% from urban areas. In external, 42.2% are sourced from urban areas and 29.7 from other African countries. Other sources include institutions like schools, churches, children homes and refugee camps. Road transport is the commonly used in domestic trafficking at 81.7% while air is mostly used in external human trafficking The results indicate that victims of human trafficking in external are mostly destined in Middle East countries at 44.5% and 32.9% are trafficked in other African countries. In domestic human trafficking, most of the victims are destined in urban areas at 67.2%. ix. Agent commission's cost emerged as the major payment cost with 46.7% . However, 28.6% of the respondents indicated unawareness of these costs. Others which were listed includes; Transport costs, registration fee, reward for brokers and agents, Medical cost, document processing costs and money for food and accommodation. x. Awareness of socio-economic effects was at 80.1% with Brain drain/labour drain emerging as the highest socio economic effect of human trafficking with 21.6% followed by psychological trauma at 19.9% and social breakdown at 10.6% and increased insecurity at 10.5% .Others were; death; improves family income; loss of revenue; Violation of human rights and freedom; increased school dropouts and poverty respectively. xi. Of those who indicated awareness of intervention strategies, the following were listed as the strategies used to address human trafficking in Kenya: Strategic checkpoints for verification of documents, civic education by government and media, Arrest and prosecution of culprits, ban on night travelling and to certain destinations, enforcement of existing Acts, embracing the Nyumba Kumi Initiative, and youth empowerment through Uwezo fund. xii. Three interventions were used to rate the effectiveness of intervention strategies used to address human trafficking. Based on three, the study showed that these intervention strategies are not working. This is after scoring the following percentages on non-effectiveness: prosecution 58.5%, prevention 58.7% and capacity building 47.8%. On effectiveness, they scored 26.7%, 31.9% and 36.3% respectively. Comparing the three capacity building was the most effective at 36.3%. xiii. Poverty, unemployment and corruption are the major reasons as to why the business of human trafficking continues to persist in the country despite various interventions in place. Other reasons which emerged from the results of the survey are; Ignorance among the Kenyan people, Corruption in government officials, Advanced technology which helps in recruitment, existing laws being lenient on perpetrators, Kenyans being greedy for money, poor implementation of existing laws, trafficking being a lucrative business, porous border points, high demand for labour in developed countries and high Illiteracy level among Kenyans. xiv. Improving renumeration for the officials handling the issue of human emerged the best at 24% followed by civic education at 22% and Increasing surveillance and beefing up security at 13.4%. Others were; job creation , Effective legislations, Taming corruption, improving the economy, collaboration among stake holders and community policing. xv. Corruption emerged as the major challenges faced in preventing and combating human trafficking in Kenya at 41.2% followed by unemployment at 13.5%. Other challenges identified were ; Lack of effective laws to address the issue, lack of collaboration between the stake holders, lack of political will/ hostile border relations, Ignorance, collusion between locals and perpetrators, poverty, and lack of resources xvi. Taming corruption and creating jobs/ offering loans to the youths emerged as the best solutions to the challenges faced in preventing and combating human trafficking in the country at 23.7% and 19.2% respectively. Other solutions listed were; providing civic education, Reducing the gap between the rich and the poor, Increasing surveillance, Enforcement of existing laws, providing resources, vetting of officers handling the issue of human trafficking, Initiating community policing ,Enacting new punitive legislations, collaboration among stake holders and Creating a special police unit to handle the issue. Recommendations i. Strengthen detection and investigation as corruption is rampant and could hinder the same through Networking and Collaboration among stakeholders ii. Stakeholders in fight against human trafficking should embrace new technology in tracking and detecting the culprit, establish inter-link between local and international investigating agencies and training of investigators to be enhanced iii. There is need to apply the anti-trafficking law to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenses, and convict and punish trafficking offenders, including government officials suspected of complicity in human trafficking; iv. Enhance the use the anti-trafficking law or Section 14 of the Sexual Offenses Act to prosecute and punish child sex tourists; provide additional training to all levels of the government, particularly law enforcement officials, on identifying and responding to trafficking crimes; establish an official process for law enforcement officials to refer trafficking victims for assistance; v. The government should continue to increase oversight of and accountability for overseas recruitment agencies; increase protective services available to adult trafficking victims, particularly those identified in and returned from the Middle East; vi. Establish and convene the Counter-Trafficking in Persons Advisory Committee to coordinate the government's anti-trafficking efforts and oversee full implementation of the Counter-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2010; vii. Establish the board of trustees to oversee the National Assistance Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking and allocate money to endow this fund; and launch and implement the national plan of action. viii. Prosecutors to widely use the Counter-Trafficking in Persons Act. As guidelines for implementing the victim protection provisions of the anti-trafficking statute have yet to be developed, the government continued to lack a formal mechanism for identifying victims of trafficking among vulnerable populations. ix. There is need efforts to identify and protect all victims; male, female and child trafficking victims. Protection for adults was unavailable, including for the increasing number of victims in the overseas migrant worker population. Neither the Ministry of Gender nor any other ministry received a specific budget allocation for anti-trafficking activities. x. Efforts to reduce poverty and unemployment should be quickened to curb human trafficking especially of children and women. xi. Efforts should be geared towards protection, prevention and capacity development for the public particularly those in low income areas, with illiteracy and unemployed. xii. Recommendations strategies used to address human trafficking in Kenya: Strategic checkpoints for verification of documents, civic education by government and media, Arrest and prosecution of culprits, ban on night travelling and to certain destinations, enforcement of existing Acts, embracing the Nyumba Kumi Initiative, and youth empowerment through Uwezo Fund. Details: Nairobi, Kenya: National Crime Research Centre, 2014. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 1, 2015 at: http://crimeresearch.go.ke/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=4:preliminary-reports&Itemid=496 Year: 2014 Country: Kenya URL: Shelf Number: 136936 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Prostitution Socioeconomic Conditions and Crime Unemployment

Author: Bhattacharjya, Manjima Title: The Right(s) Evidence - Sex Work, Violence and HIV in Asia: A Multi-Country Qualitative Study. Summary: Sex workers experience extreme physical, sexual, emotional and economic violence at work, in health care and custodial settings, in their neighbourhoods and in their homes. This violence denies sex workers their fundamental human rights - to equal protection under the law; to protection from torture and from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment; and to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. Research is increasingly demonstrating how violence contributes to the spread of HIV. In Asia, the HIV epidemic remains concentrated among key populations, including sex workers, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men and transgender people. Realizing the human rights of female, male and transgender sex workers requires an understanding of the intersecting factors that affect their safety and their protection from violence. In 2011, a research partnership among United Nations agencies, governments, sex worker community groups and academics was formed to address gaps in knowledge regarding the links between sex work, violence and HIV in Asia. A multicountry qualitative study, The Rights(s) Evidence: Sex Work, Violence and HIV in Asia (the study), was developed, with research carried out in Indonesia ( Jakarta), Myanmar (Yangon), Nepal (Kathmandu) and Sri Lanka (Colombo). The objective of the study was to better understand female, male and transgender sex workers' experiences of violence, the factors that increase or decrease their vulnerability to violence and how violence relates to risk of HIV transmission. This regional report presents an analysis of the findings from the four country sites. The study comprised a total of 123 peer-to-peer in-depth qualitative interviews with 73 female, 20 male and 30 transgender sex workers aged 18 and older. In addition, 41 key informant interviews were conducted with police personnel, NGO officers, health and legal service providers and national AIDS authorities for insight on contextual information to aid with the analysis and shape the recommendations. Data was collected between 2012 and 2013. The study used a consistent methodology in all country sites to enable an examination of common trends across diverse cultural contexts as well as the experiences unique to sex workers in different settings. In-country ethics approval was obtained in each site. The study adhered to the World Health Organization's Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Research on Domestic Violence Against Women as well as specific considerations related to male and transgender participants in the sex work environment. Participants were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling among self-identified sex workers through community organizations and sex worker networks. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted by peer interviewers who underwent comprehensive training in each country. The peer interviewers were matched to participants by gender. The interviews were conducted in private settings, in local languages and lasted between one and three hours. Details: Bangkok: UNFPA, UNDP and APNSW (CASAM), 2015. 140p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2015 at: http://asiapacific.unfpa.org/sites/asiapacific/files/pub-pdf/Rights-Evidence-Report-2015-final_0.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Asia URL: http://asiapacific.unfpa.org/sites/asiapacific/files/pub-pdf/Rights-Evidence-Report-2015-final_0.pdf Shelf Number: 137145 Keywords: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Human Rights Abuse Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Pai, Aarthi Title: The Right(s) Process: Documenting a Collaborative Research Initiative Summary: This publication documents the lessons learned from the process of implementing a four-country research project on sex work and violence through the narratives and reflections of those who participated in the research since its inception in 2011. The publication was commissioned by the Centre for Advocacy on Stigma and Marginalization (CASAM) in consultation with APNSW, UNDP, UNFPA and P4P (Asia-Pacific regional offices in Bangkok). Funding for the travel to conduct interviews towards this documentation was provided by UNDP. This document chronicles the process behind the multi-country study 'The Right(s) Evidence - Sex Work, Violence and HIV in Asia', from the time of initiating the research in 2011 up to the completion of the regional report in December 2014. Data for the document was collected through interviews with community members who participated in the research, lead researchers, peer lead researchers, the Regional Steering Committee members and members of the four National Working Groups. Participation in this process documentation was voluntary. Care was taken to ensure informed consent from all participants in collecting their views. The purpose of this document was explained in detail and the interviews with sex workers were conducted in the presence of sex worker community leaders from each country or in the presence of the study's researchers. In some cases, the interviews were conducted over email and facilitated by the country researchers and members of the Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers. Details: CASAM, APNSW, UNDP, UNFPA, 2015. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2015 at: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/THE%20RIGHTS%20PROCESS.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Asia URL: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/THE%20RIGHTS%20PROCESS.pdf Shelf Number: 137146 Keywords: Human Rights Abuses Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Global Network of Sex Work Projects Title: Economic Empowerment Programmes for Sex Workers: Africa Regional Report Summary: This Africa Regional Report documents case studies of economic empowerment programmes in 6 African countries: Democratic Republic of Congo; Ethiopia; Kenya; Malawi; Nigeria; and Uganda. There are relatively few economic empowerment programmes for sex workers led by sex workers in Africa. As such this regional report evaluates both successful and failed economic empowerment programmes by sex worker-led organisations and non-sex worker-led organisations. The main finding of this report is that there is a significant absence of economic empowerment programmes for sex workers in Africa. This situation is worsened by certain funding Faith Based Organisations (FBOs) which see sex work as morally reprehensible; these organisations are not willing to fund sex work programmes unless sex workers exit sex work. As such, a lot of programmes promote the 'rehabilitation' and 'redemption' of sex workers. The rehabilitation programmes documented in the regional briefing paper mentioned above demonstrated that these programmes do not listen to sex workers, they do not ask sex workers what they want, they do not involve sex workers in the design and planning of these programmes, and, perhaps most importantly, these programmes fail to grasp the dynamics of stigma and discrimination in the communities that programmes aim to rehabilitate sex workers. The report concludes that for economic empowerment programmes for sex workers to succeed, sex workers must be involved at all levels to identify the initiatives that meet the needs and demands of sex workers. The report argues that these programmes must be run by sex workers themselves, and programmes must adopt a rights-based approach which focuses on giving sex workers the economic power to make informed choices about their lives, including their sexual health and which does not necessarily focus on getting them to exit sex work. Economic empowerment programmes for sex workers should also aim to provide an alternative source of income to reduce the vulnerability associated with changing jobs and the programmes should not aim to entice them to stop sex work when they are not ready to do so. Details: Edinburgh: NSWP, 2014. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 27, 2015 at: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/SUSO%20Report%20Africa.%20final%20EN.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Africa URL: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/SUSO%20Report%20Africa.%20final%20EN.pdf Shelf Number: 137157 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Global Network of Sex Work Projects Title: Sex Workers Demonstrate Economic and Social Empowerment - Regional Report: Asia and the Pacific Summary: The Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP) received funding from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs to support the development of advocacy tools around rights-based economic empowerment for sex workers. The first year of this three-year project was coordinated by the Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers (APNSW), whose office is in Bangkok, Thailand. Over the last 20 years, with the catalyst of HIV decimating our ranks, India and Southeast Asia have been home to some of the most progressive sex worker-led networks in the world. We advocate and struggle for self-determination and equal rights in work and life, as documented here. For this project, NSWP worked with APNSW members to: 1. develop background material for advocacy tools that will strengthen regional networks and member organisations' work; campaign for the rights of sex workers of all genders; and amplify the voices of sex workers globally; 2. document good practice examples of sex worker-led economic empowerment projects (described in the case studies) to inform the development of advocacy tools that will help sex worker-led groups' ability to engage effectively with policy makers and programmers; 3. document the lived experiences of sex workers and the impact of programmes that focus on 'rehabilitation', that require sex workers to exit sex work (see the accompanying Briefing Paper). This report focuses in detail on two key good practice studies: the Usha banking cooperative originating in the Sonagachi sex work area of Kolkata, India, and the informal school and community legal services at WNU in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. These are followed by seven other studies (AMA, VAMP, OP SI, Melati Support Group, SWING, Can Do Bar and APN SW) and field research with sex workers and NGO s across the region. Details: Edinburgh: NSWP, 2014. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 28, 2015 at: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/SUSO%20Asia%20Pacific%20Report_Oct2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/SUSO%20Asia%20Pacific%20Report_Oct2014.pdf Shelf Number: 137160 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Lovell, Rachel Title: Do John Schools Really Decrease Recidivism? A methodological critique of an evaluation of the San Francisco First Offender Prostitution Program Summary: A growing number of governments are creating "john schools" in the belief that providing men with information about prostitution will stop them from buying sex, which will in turn stop prostitution and trafficking. John schools typically offer men arrested for soliciting paid sex the opportunity (for a fee) to attend lectures by health experts, law enforcement and former sex workers in exchange for cleared arrest records if they are not re-arrested within a certain period of time. A 2008 examination of the San Francisco john school, "Final Report on the Evaluation of the First Offender Prostitution Program," claims to be the first study to prove that attending a john school leads to a lower rate of recidivism or re-arrest (Shively et al.). Despite its claims, the report offers no reliable evidence that the john school classes reduce the rate of re-arrests. This paper analyzes the methodology and data used in the San Francisco study and concludes that serious flaws in the research design led the researchers to claim a large drop in re-arrest rates that, in fact, occurred before the john school was implemented. Details: Washington, DC: American University Washington College of Law; Chicago: DePaul University, Social Science Research Center, 2012. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 11, 2015 at: https://maggiemcneill.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/john-schools-and-recidivism.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: https://maggiemcneill.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/john-schools-and-recidivism.pdf Shelf Number: 137233 Keywords: Prostitution Recidivism Sex Offenders Sex Offenses

Author: Renshaw, Lauren Title: Migrant sex workers in Australia Summary: There has been little research conducted on the experiences of migrant sex workers both internationally and within Australia. This is despite widespread media and other reports highlighting the perception of migrant sex workers as particularly vulnerable to exploitation and human trafficking. This report focuses on consolidating current knowledge of migrants in the Australian sex industry, based on a review of the existing literature and an analysis of responses to a survey conducted among migrant and non-migrant sex workers in a range of states and territories in Australia in 2010. This analysis explores the demographic profile, work conditions and access to services of migrant sex workers and how they differ from Australian-born sex workers. It also seeks to gather information on the migration experiences of migrant sex workers and their motivations for migrating to Australia. Overview of the Australian sex industry A review was undertaken of the literature on the predominant features of the sex industry in Australia - including its legality in each state and territory - and of the findings of previous research on the Australian sex worker population, particularly migrant sex workers. There are three general legal frameworks applied to sex work in Australia - criminalising certain components of the sex industry; legalising certain components of the sex industry, usually under a licensing or registration scheme; and decriminalising certain aspects of the sex industry. The industry can be categorised into brothel work, massage work, private work, escort work (solo or with an agency) and street-based work, although it is acknowledged that these are simplified distinctions that may not reflect all sex workers' situations. Sex work is largely illegal in Western Australia and South Australia, and in Tasmania only private work is legal (with private work referring to a person working independently or with another person). Sex work, other than street-based sex work, is legal and regulated under licensing schemes in Victoria, Queensland (except escort agencies) and, partially, in the Northern Territory (escort agencies only). In the Australian Capital Territory, both brothel-based and private sex work have been legalised under a registration scheme. Sex work has been decriminalised in New South Wales since 1995, though restrictions on street-based sex work still apply. The size of the sex industry in Australia is largely unknown, although it has been estimated that there are approximately 20,000 individuals working as sex workers in Australia in any one year (Quadara 2008). Research suggests that in the sex industry in New South Wales, approximately 40 percent of sex workers work privately, with the other 60 percent working predominantly in sex industry businesses, or as escorts or on the street (Donovan et al. 2012). However, there may be variations in this proportion in other jurisdictions due to the different legal frameworks affecting the legality of private and brothel work. Research on Australia's sex worker population suggests that demographic profiles such as age, education and cultural background may vary by state/territory and sex work sector. Current research, mainly in the Sydney City area, suggests that migrants (largely from Asia) make up a substantial proportion of workers in the sex industry, particularly migrants from Thailand and China, and increasingly from South Korea (Donovan et al. 2012). Although there have been several surveys on the sex worker population generally, research specifically on migrant sex workers is limited. A number of projects with migrant sex workers have generated valuable demographic data on the lives, backgrounds, experiences and needs of migrant sex workers in Australia (Pell et al. 2006; Prostitutes' Collective of Victoria 1994). The few studies that exist suggest that migrant sex workers may be older than their Australian-born counterparts and less likely to work in a street-based setting (Pell et al. 2006; Woodward et al. 2004). Reports based on immigration data suggest that many have initially entered Australia on tourist (eg Working Holiday and Work and Holiday Visas) and student visas (Bowen 2011; DIMIA, cited in ANAO 2006; Pell et al. 2006). The literature also suggests that several factors (eg language barriers and isolation, gender and race discrimination, stigma attached to sex work and criminalisation of sex work) may intersect for migrant sex workers to increase their vulnerability to experiencing, and barriers to reporting, incidents of violence and exploitation (Allimant & Ostapiej-Piatkowski 2011; Quadara 2008). With regard to what is known from research into sex workers' work conditions, sex industry businesses employ workers largely as independent contractors, although there is evidence to suggest that many of the employment relationships reflect that of an employer/employee (Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee 2010; Murray 2003; Northern Territory AIDS and Hepatitis Council 2005; Simmons & David 2012). Further, incidents of debt contracts among migrants working in the industry have been reported anecdotally, and debt bondage has been observed in a few prosecuted cases involving slavery and sexual servitude (Brockett & Murray 1994; IDC 2014). Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2015. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Research and Public Policy Series no. 131: Accessed November 12, 2015 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rpp/131/rpp131.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rpp/131/rpp131.pdf Shelf Number: 137274 Keywords: Migrants Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Barber, Amee Title: From the Red Light to the Red Carpet: Legalization, Deliberation, and the Paradoxical Challenges to Sex Work Policy in the Netherlands Summary: This dissertation utilizes deliberative democratic theory to analyze two moments of Dutch policy-making around sex work. The first moment covers the period from 1990 to 2000, the decade prior to the full legalization of the sex industry in the Netherlands, and includes a focus on the national, legal-parliamentary process that resulted in the lifting of the Brothel Ban. The second moment explores the decade after the legalization of sex work, when sex work policy was decentralized, and narrows the focus to Amsterdam's local policy-making system. Sex work advocates heralded the lifting of the Brothel Ban as a victory for the legal rights of all sex industry personnel and cited its democratic character, a feature resulting from the meaningful inclusion of marginalized political subjects. Soon after legalization, however, the sex industry was politically excluded from the local policy-making processes that had recently been given responsibility for sex work regulation. In the absence of the sex industry, Amsterdam's private and public sector elites partnered to create Project 1012, a set of policies that sought the physical restructuring of Amsterdam's core and aimed to revamp its image by reducing the number of window brothels by at least forty per cent. To implement Project 1012, the project's proponents purchased a number of window brothels and restricted the emergence of new brothels in Amsterdam's core with the use of an exclusionary zoning plan. Amsterdam's municipal authorities also used the national Public Administration Probity in Decision-Making Act (the BIBOB), passed in 2003, to put the Red Light District's (RLD) remaining window brothels under routine investigation on grounds of suspicion of criminal activity. Under such pressure, several window brothel owners sold their properties for other uses. By comparing and contrasting these separate policy moments using a set of criteria I derive from deliberative democratic theory, I demonstrate a shift in the political character of sex work policy-making. Through the description of these two policy periods, it becomes clear that the development of these policies, their framing and the municipal tools used to enact them evince a marked shift in both the degree of legitimacy that sex work was ascribed and in the involvement of sex industry personnel in the policy-making process. The contrasts that emerge between these two time periods clearly sets them apart with respect to their democratic legitimacy. In assessing the consequences of this shift for those involved in the sex industry I show that while all who hold a stake in the RLD's sex businesses have been negatively impacted by Project 1012, the sex worker, particularly the migrant sex worker, is the most disenfranchised by this political shift. The discussion of consequences is followed by an investigation of those factors that most strongly contributed to the shift, such as the discovery of human-trafficking rings within Amsterdam, the emergence of a strong anti-trafficking campaign, rising racial tensions and xenophobia, as well as an intense, neoliberal, European intra-urban competition. These social and economic forces, discourse and factors have all combined to change the way in which sex work is understood and have compelled a need to close the RLD, a symbol of Dutch progressive tolerance, in order to protect it and its workers from 'foreign' influence, as well as improve Amsterdam's international competitiveness. Project 1012 reimagines the RLD in the absence of both sex workers and 'foreigners,' aims to make it more commercially profitable and return the space to those deemed more deserving. The sense of urgency instilled by these discourses has trumped the use of deliberative democratic policy mechanisms as a way to address the morally contentious topic of sex work and uncover alternate visions for the RLD. Details: Edmonton: University of Alberta, 2014. 406p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 12, 2015 at: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/downloads/f1881m26g Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands URL: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/downloads/f1881m26g Shelf Number: 137278 Keywords: Brothels Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Victoria. The Prostitution Control Act Ministerial Advisory Committee Title: Improving the Regulation of the Sex Industry and Supporting Sex Workers Who Want to Move On Summary: This report presents the result of the Committee's analysis of its terms of reference to enquire into and examine: 1. appropriate support services for people considering moving on from sex work, and 2. the experiences of prostitution business proprietors under the Prostitution Control Act 1994 ("the Act"), particularly the provisions relating to advertising, liquor and health and safety, to advise on improvements to achieve the principle objective of harm minimisation. The report is in five sections. Section 1 presents an introduction to the report and a summary of the objectives of the Prostitution Control Act 1994. Section 2: Supporting Sex Workers who want to Move On presents the work of the Committee in fulfilling the terms of reference about career transition support. This section draws the thread of knowledge gathered from the Committee's research and presents them into a set of recommendations to improve the delivery of services for sex workers in Victoria. The Committee also submitted to the Minister an interim report summarising these interviews in May 2005 (see Appendix 1 for the Interim Report). The interim report found that there are many pathways into prostitution and that moving on from sex work is just as complex. Section 3: Improving the Regulations of the Sex Industry presents the results of the Committee's examination of the impact on businesses and sex workers of the advertising, liquor, and health and safety provisions in the Act. This section is underpinned by the Committee's belief that the viability of businesses operating within the law is a key contributor to the overall health of the legislative framework. Section 4 presents the Committee's recommendations, and Section 5 presents the report's five appendices - these are the interim report from May 2005, the interview questions for welfare organisations, the interview questions for licensees, the survey questions for sex worker, and a short profile of each of the Committee members. Details: Melbourne: Consumer Affairs Victoria, 2007. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 12, 2015 at: https://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resources-and-education/research Year: 2007 Country: Australia URL: https://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resources-and-education/research Shelf Number: 137279 Keywords: Brothels Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Pickering, Sharon Title: Working in Victorian Brothels Summary: In November 2008 Consumer Affairs Victoria (CAV) contracted Monash University to conduct Research on the Illegal Brothel Sector in Victoria (RIBS). The project submitted a Report on Stakeholder Consultations in December 2008. The Interim Report was delivered in April 2009. This is the Final Report of the project. The research is based on qualitative interviews with regulatory and enforcement agencies, owners and operators of brothels, support workers and sex workers. As the research reveals, clear definitions of illegal brothels and illegal activity are difficult to achieve for a number of reasons. The regulatory framework in Victoria engages four different agencies with different interests in the framework. The Business Licensing Authority (BLA) is responsible for the issuing of licences for prostitution service providers (owner-operators), exempt prostitution service providers (one or two workers offering services) and managers. Consumer Affairs Victoria is responsible for enforcement consequent upon breaches of licence conditions. The Department of Health is responsible for health and safety breaches. Victoria Police is responsible for illegalities arising from breaches of the Prostitution Control Act 1994 (PCA). This research reveals that the current compliance and enforcement structures generate some confusion for industry stakeholders (owner-operators and workers) which impact on understandings of illegal activity and views about breaches and consequent harm. Therefore, in reporting our findings about illegal brothels, and illegal and unregulated activity, we have adopted the following terms and definitions for clarity in reporting our findings.This report uses the term unregulated activity for any activities which contravene or fall outside the provisions of the Prostitution Control Act 1994 and Prostitution Control Regulations 2006 (PCR), but do not undermine or negatively impact on worker autonomy. We use the term unlicensed activity to describe sexual service provision without licences primarily in premises offering some other form of service (massage is the prime example). We use the term illegal activity for any activities occurring in the licensed sector which contravene the provisions of the PCA and PCR and simultaneously undermine worker autonomy and control, as well as for organised activities that are carried on outside the regulatory framework by those profiting from the labour of sex workers. We make this distinction on the basis that the purpose and intent of the PCA, especially the offences outlined in Part 2 of the Act, and of the PCR suggest that worker safety and autonomy are key objectives in the regulatory framework in Victoria. In addition, the penalties applied in the PCA to workers and licensees are different, which suggests clear recognition of different and lesser degrees of harm consequent on breaches by workers, in contrast to breaches by owner-operators and/or managers. Illegality and unlicensed behaviour have different impacts for workers than owner-operators and managers when worker autonomy is central. Activities characterised as illegal when carried out by owner-operators are so defined because of their negative impact on workers as well as on community safety. By contrast, workers operating outside the regulatory framework are described as engaged in unregulated activity as they are generally seeking to undertake sex work in conditions that support rather than erode their autonomy. Details: Melbourne: Consumer Affairs Victoria, 2009. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 12, 2015 at: http://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37594&local_base=GEN01-CSU01 Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: http://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37594&local_base=GEN01-CSU01 Shelf Number: 137280 Keywords: Brothels Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Steffan, Elfriede Title: Final Report from the study of the federal model project "Support for Leaving Prostitution" Summary: This is the abridged version of the final report from the extended evaluation and research study (wissenschaftliche Begleitung) commissioned for the federal model project "Support for Leaving Prostitution" and carried out by SPI Forschung gGmbH in Berlin and the Sozialwissenschaftliches FrauenForschungsInstitut in Freiburg (SoFFi F.). The evaluation and research commenced on 1 November 2011, approximately two years after the start of the model project, and went on for three years and seven months, ending on 31 May 2015. The aim of the evaluation and research study was to gain information and knowledge. It sought to capture facets of reality - sex workers' lives and working conditions and the factors that help them leave prostitution - and to make the results available for practical action and policy decisions. Contact to the sex workers in this report was made via specialized counseling centers offering programs for leaving prostitution. Our research therefore focused on the views of those seeking to stop doing sex work, and as such makes no statements about this work in general. This evaluation of the federal model project clearly shows that sex workers face stigmatization and exclusion. As long as that remains the case, specific counseling and support programs will be needed to reach this target group and work with them in open and non-judgmental ways. The work at the three locations of the federal model project demonstrated in impressive form how the processes of leaving prostitution and embarking on new pathways can succeed by means of: 1) individual support and assistance for clients; and 2) close cooperation among specialized counseling centers, exit programs, and training institutes including job centers. Results from the different regions of this model project indicate that at least one in ten of all sex workers depends on counseling and support to take new personal and career paths. Details: Berlin: Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, 2015. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 28, 2015 at: http://www.bmfsfj.de/RedaktionBMFSFJ/Broschuerenstelle/Pdf-Anlagen/Unterst_C3_BCtzung-des-Ausstiegs-aus-der-Prostitution-Kurzfassung-englisch,property=pdf,bereich=bmfsfj,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Germany URL: http://www.bmfsfj.de/RedaktionBMFSFJ/Broschuerenstelle/Pdf-Anlagen/Unterst_C3_BCtzung-des-Ausstiegs-aus-der-Prostitution-Kurzfassung-englisch,property=pdf,bereich=bmfsfj,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf Shelf Number: 137367 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Cyrus, Norbert Title: The Concept of Demand in Relation to Trafficking in Human Beings: A Review of Debates since the Late 19th Century Summary: The 2000 UN Trafficking Protocol obliged states to discourage demand that fostered exploitation leading to trafficking. Fifteen years later, there is still no shared understanding of what demand means in the context of debates on trafficking in human beings (THB). This paper charts the history of the use of the concepts "trafficking" and "demand" in the context of debates on trafficking since the 1860s. It shows that terminological confusion was and still is a constant feature of these debates. The paper argues that conceptual confusion hampers mutual understanding, prevents reasonable dispute and undermines the capacity to develop policy approaches which effectively provide protection from trafficking and exploitation. Details: Vienna, Austria: Demand Side Measures Against Trafficking, 2015. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 1, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP2_Cyrus_October_2015_FINAL.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP2_Cyrus_October_2015_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 137466 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Mai, Nick Title: The Psycho-Social Trajectories of Albanian and Romanian 'Traffickers' Summary: This report will summarise the results of a recent (2008) pilot research undertaken in Italy and Albania on the psycho-social profile of men involved in international sex work as agents. By drawing on original research material - 34 in depth interviews with international sex work agents from Albania and Romania - the report will analyse the socio-cultural underpinnings of their life trajectories and migratory projects, with particular reference to the way these impacted on their specific involvements in the international sex industry. The findings of the research problematise the Manichaean way in which the trafficking paradigm explains migrants' involvement in the international industry according to a polarised scenario of victims (women) and exploiters (men). They also point to the necessity for future research and social interventions to explore the socio-economic, cultural and affective underpinnings of people's modes of involvement in the international sex industry, including when a woman is managed by a man. The research evidence highlights the existence of a separation between trafficking and the involvement of migrant workers in the international sex industry. The variety of life trajectories and experiences gathered show clearly how extreme forms of exploitation and abuse are a specific and increasingly marginal outcome of the nexus between migration and the international sex industry, rather than the reality for the majority of migrants. The research findings show that there is a high degree of fluidity and ambivalence within the relations between the men and women involved. They underline individual and socio-economic aspects of vulnerability and resilience which could inform the basis for more efficient initiatives of social intervention. By engaging with the life histories of migrant men working as agents in the international sex industry, the research embeds them within wider socio-economic and cultural transformations. Selling sex abroad became relatively 'normalised' in specific sociocultural and economic settings 'at home' and emerged as a way to both challenge and reproduce existing gender and class based limitations to social mobility. The findings of the research highlight the need to engage with the individual mix of vulnerability and resilience of each migrant involved in international sex work. They also question the usefulness of profiling when understanding the diverse life experiences of people working in the international sex industry, whose life choices reflect ambivalences and contradictions which are shared with the societies of origin and of destination brought together by their migratory journeys. Details: London: Institute for the Study of European Transformation - ISET, London Metropolitan University, 2010. 56p. Source: Internet Resource; ISET Working Paper 17: Accessed January 27, 2016 at: https://metranet.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/Research/iset/Working%20Paper%20Series/WP17%20N%20Mai.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Albania URL: https://metranet.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/Research/iset/Working%20Paper%20Series/WP17%20N%20Mai.pdf Shelf Number: 137689 Keywords: Human Trafficking Immigrants Male Sex Work Migration Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers

Author: Cho, Seo-Young Title: Does Prostitution Constrain Sex Crimes? Micro-Evidence from Korea Summary: This paper investigates empirically whether prostitution reduces sex crimes. Theoretical predictions suggest two contradicting effects: substituting or complementing. By using survey data of sex offenders in Korea, I find that prostitution increases the probability of one committing sex crimes. Also, the experience of buying sex with a minor exacerbates the severity of sex crimes. These results indicate that prostitution intensifies one's propensities for more violent sexual behaviors, suggesting a complementary relationship between prostitution and sex crimes. The main findings do not alter after accounting for the endogeneity of the model. Details: Marburg, Germany: University Marburg, 2015. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: MAGKS DP No. 21-2015: Accessed February 17, 2016 at: http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb02/makro/forschung/magkspapers/paper_2015/21-2015_cho.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Asia URL: http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb02/makro/forschung/magkspapers/paper_2015/21-2015_cho.pdf Shelf Number: 137870 Keywords: Prostitution Sex Crimes Sex Offenders

Author: Cheon, Hyunjung Title: Police Estimates of Sex Trafficking: Venues, Trends, and Data Sources Summary: Over the past two decades, United States policymakers and the public have become increasingly aware of and concerned about the trafficking of persons for commercial sex. In 2000, the federal government passed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA). Since then, law enforcement agencies at all levels have engaged in identifying and responding to sex trafficking problems. Estimates of the prevalence of U.S. sex trafficking vary, depending on the data sources used. Most estimates of the magnitude of sex trafficking in this country are made by federal entities. Relatively little is known, however, about the sources of information actually used by local police agencies to assess and understand sex trafficking problems in their own communities. To help fill that gap, the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety at Arizona State University, with the support of the McCain Institute, surveyed a sample of local police agencies across the country, seeking to understand (a) their estimation of the magnitude of sex trafficking problems in their jurisdictions in 2014, (b) their perceptions of the nature of the local problems, (c) the sources of information relied upon to assess and form perceptions of those problems, and (d) their experience in addressing sex trafficking issues. Seventy-two of the largest municipal police agencies in the U.S. completed the survey. The following are the key findings from their responses: - The majority of respondents indicated that the magnitude of the sex trafficking problem in the various venues in their communities (i.e., massage parlors, escort agencies, adult clubs, brothels, non-licensed cantinas) was relatively unchanged over time. More than 80 percent reported, however, that the rate of online sex advertising was increasing. - For sex trafficking of juveniles, online sex advertising was the most prevalent venue. - Sex trafficking victims were most likely to be female and aged 18 to 24 years; the United States was most commonly their country of origin. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety, Arizona State University, 2015. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2016 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/CVPCS-PoliceEstimatesOfSexTrafficking.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/CVPCS-PoliceEstimatesOfSexTrafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 138192 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Social Media

Author: Bouche, Vanessa Title: Identifying Effective Counter-Trafficking: Programs and Practices in the U.S.: Legislative, Legal, and Public Opinion Strategies that Work Summary: After more than a decade of sustained efforts to combat human trafficking in the United States, it is necessary to step back and examine the effectiveness of key anti-trafficking strategies. Utilizing a multi-method approach, we examine 1) the effectiveness of state-level human trafficking legislation to determine what specific legislative provisions are most effective for obtaining desired outcomes, 2) the characteristics of state prosecutions for human trafficking offenses to determine how state laws are being used to hold offenders accountable, and 3) what the public knows about human trafficking, why the public holds the beliefs that they do, and what the public expects from government anti-trafficking efforts. Together the three parts of the study inform efforts to develop effective counter-trafficking programs and practices for legislators, law enforcement, the courts, anti-trafficking agencies, and the public. Part I: Evaluating How State Anti-Trafficking Statutes Impact Human Trafficking Arrests & Prosecutions Purpose: To determine whether state adoption of various anti-trafficking legal provisions increases the identification, arrest, and prosecution of human trafficking suspects. Methodology: All state human trafficking laws enacted between 2003 and 2012 were classified by statutory provisions grouped into three broad categories: state investment, civil remedies, and criminalization. Models were estimated predicting whether statutory provisions were associated with the arrest and prosecution of human trafficking offenders in each state in the years following enactment. To measure human trafficking arrest and prosecution outcomes we constructed a database of 3,225 human trafficking suspects who were identified in open source information across all states from 2003 to 2012. Findings: - Criminalization of human trafficking has been the dominant legislative response. State provisions for human trafficking have expanded over time and more states have legislated on human trafficking through criminalization than through state investment or civil remedies. State human trafficking penalties, however, vary widely across the country. - Laws that have potential fiscal or bureaucratic impact on the state anti-trafficking efforts increase arrests for human trafficking, with the exception of mandating data collection or reporting about human trafficking, which is negatively related to human trafficking arrests. - Requiring the National Human Trafficking Hotline number to be posted in public places is the most important provision for increasing the number of human trafficking arrests (though mandating the posting of the national hotline does not predict prosecution). Task forces are the strongest predictors of both state prosecution of human trafficking suspects for any criminal offense type and prosecution of suspects for human trafficking specific offenses. - Overall, civil provisions are less effective in predicting arrests and prosecutions than state investment measures. However, safe harbor and civil action provisions are two civil remedies that do strongly predict arrest and prosecutions. - More comprehensive laws increase arrests and prosecutions for human trafficking, but harsher criminal penalties do not. In other words, it is more important that state human trafficking legislation be comprehensive across all categories rather than being extremely harsh in only one category. Part II: Analysis of Identified State Human Trafficking Cases Purpose: To date there has not been any comprehensive study of the characteristics, legal process, or disposition of human trafficking offenses adjudicated in state courts. Utilizing a unique source of data on 479 state human trafficking prosecutions, we examine the effect of different legal processes and extra-legal factors in prosecutions of human trafficking cases. Methodology: Based on data collected from the open-source search process (described above), and a survey of states attorneys general about all known state human trafficking prosecutions, we identified human trafficking suspects who were arrested between 2003 and 2012 and prosecuted under a state human trafficking statute. For each of these suspects, we requested court records from the appropriate local court. All suspect court records were coded to identify information about the nature of the criminal charge, the process of adjudicating the charge, and the case disposition. Findings: - There is dramatic unevenness in the utilization of state human trafficking charges across the US. Thirty-nine percent (39%) of identified suspects who were charged with a state human trafficking offense were from California. - Human trafficking suspects were charged with multiple offenses in addition to the trafficking charge. The most common accompanying charges were: prostitution-related charges (34%), pimping/pandering charges (37%), sexual abuse or rape charges (29%), and kidnapping charges (17%). - Fifty-three percent (53%) of the suspects charged with a state human trafficking offense had that offense dismissed prior to adjudication, 13% of suspects went to trial on the human trafficking charges, and 35% of suspects plead guilty to a human trafficking charge before trial. Although human trafficking suspects were convicted of human trafficking crimes in only 45% of the studied cases, human trafficking suspects were convicted of any state crime in 72% of the cases. - State human trafficking cases are lengthy and involve numerous motions and hearing. Cases involving adult victims took longer than cases involving minor victims and were more likely to go to trial. When cases do go to trial defendants face significantly more severe penalties than when cases are adjudicated through a guilty plea. Because few state human trafficking cases go to trial, the legal environment and best prosecution strategies remain uncertain. Part III: Evaluating Public Opinion on Human Trafficking Purpose: Perhaps the most important and least understood mechanism in combatting human trafficking is public engagement. Given the intimate relationship between public opinion and public policy, it is vital that we gauge what the public knows, thinks, and feels about human trafficking and uncover the mechanisms that make human trafficking a more salient issue for the general public. Methodology: To measure public opinion on human trafficking we administered a survey experiment to a representative sample of 2,000 Americans in the spring of 2014. The first goal of the survey was to track what the public knows, thinks, and feels about human trafficking. The second goal of the survey was to identify factors that may cause people to change the way they think about and engage with the issue. Findings: - A strong majority of the public has a solid understanding that human trafficking is a form of slavery (90%), but many hold incorrect beliefs about human trafficking, including that human trafficking victims are almost always female (92%), is another word for smuggling (71%), always requires threats of or actual physical violence (62%), involves mostly illegal immigrants (62%), and requires movement across state or national borders (59%). - The public is concerned about the issue of human trafficking. Over 80% of the public reports that they have 'some' or 'a lot' of concern about human trafficking and only 3% of the public reports having no concern. Fifty-one percent (51%) say that human trafficking should be a top or high priority of the US government. White males are the least likely to be concerned about human trafficking and least likely to think it should be a government priority. - The US public thinks sex trafficking is a more significant problem than labor trafficking, women/girls are more at risk than men/boys, and that human trafficking happens in the U.S. but not in a person's community. - When the public is exposed to human trafficking victims that are not typically highlighted in the news (i.e., young males), they are highly concerned about the victimization and want the government to take action. - Sex-related behaviors affect beliefs about human trafficking. Respondents who consumed pornography within the last year have more knowledge of human trafficking, but they think that it should be less of a government priority. Similarly, respondents visiting a strip club within the last year reported lower levels of concern about human trafficking and thought that human trafficking should be less of a government priority than those respondents not visiting a strip club within the last year. - The public has not made the connection between how their own attitudes and behaviors can either help or hinder the movement against human trafficking. Details: Final Report to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2015. 95p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2016 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249670.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249670.pdf Shelf Number: 138206 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Texas Department of Public Safety, Texas Fusion Center, Intelligence & Counterterrorism Division Title: Texas Gang Threat Assessment Summary: The key analytic judgments of this assessment are: - Gangs continue to represent a significant public safety threat to Texas due to their propensity for violence and heightened level of criminal activity. Of the incarcerated gang members within Texas Department of Criminal Justice prisons, over 60 percent are serving a sentence for violent crimes, including robbery (24 percent), homicide (16 percent), and assault/terroristic threat (15 percent). We assess there are likely more than 100,000 gang members in Texas. - The Tier 1 gangs in Texas for 2015 are Tango Blast and Tango cliques (estimated 15,000 members), Texas Syndicate (estimated 3,400 members), Texas Mexican Mafia (estimated 4,700 members), Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) (estimated 800 members), and Latin Kings (estimated 2,100 members). These groups pose the greatest gang threat to Texas due to their relationships with Mexican cartels, high levels of transnational criminal activity, level of violence, and overall statewide presence. - Gangs in Texas remain active in both human smuggling and human trafficking operations. Gang members associated with human smuggling have direct relationships with alien smuggling organizations (ASOs) and Mexican cartels. These organizations were involved in and profited from the recent influx of illegal aliens crossing the border in the Rio Grande Valley in 2014. Gang members involved in human trafficking, including commercial sex trafficking and compelling prostitution of adults and minors, exploit their victims through force, fraud or coercion, including recruiting and grooming them with false promises of affection, employment, or a better life. Gangs identified as being involved in human trafficking in Texas in 2014 include Tango Blast, Texas Syndicate, Bloods, Crips, Gangster Disciples, and MS-13. - Mexican cartels regularly use Texas gangs for the purposes of illicit cross-border smuggling. Members of Tier 1, Tier 2, and other gangs are sometimes recruited and tasked by cartels to carry out acts of violence in both Texas and Mexico. The relationships between certain gangs and cartels fluctuate based on cartel structures and cell alignments, gang alignment with specific cartels, threats or coercion, and familial ties. - Traditional rivalries between gangs continue to diminish as members take advantage of opportunities to collaborate and achieve common criminal objectives, typically for financial gain. Members of gangs such as the Bloods, Texas Syndicate, and Texas Mexican Mafia are working together to smuggle and sell drugs and weapons, among other crimes. In addition, law enforcement continues to observe gang members with hybrid memberships, where gang members claim multiple affiliations, which presents challenges in identifying and investigating gang activity. Details: Austin, TX: Texas Department of Public Safety, 2015. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 13, 2016 at: https://www.txdps.state.tx.us/director_staff/media_and_communications/2015/txGangThreatAssessment.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.txdps.state.tx.us/director_staff/media_and_communications/2015/txGangThreatAssessment.pdf Shelf Number: 138647 Keywords: Drug Trafficking Gang Violence Gangs Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking

Author: Mwapu, Isumbisho Title: Women engaging in transactional sex and working in prostitution: Practices and underlying factors of the sex trade in South Kivu, the Democratic Republic of Congo Summary: Transactional sex and prostitution form a significant part of everyday urban life in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The report is based on a survey among 480 sex workers engaged in prostitution and focus groups in milieux where there is a lot of transactional sex, where material exchange is embedded in broader social relations. These are in higher education, urban poor areas, offices, trade and religious milieux. Stepping away from discourses on morality and victimhood, the report takes an angle of livelihoods and women's agency. Transactional sex in humanitarian crises is mostly associated with what is often called 'survival sex': sexual exchange in order to meet basic needs, often the needs of the entire family. However, the distinction between 'needs' (survival sex) and 'wants' (consumer sex) appears too simplistic, and the report proposes to replace the value-laden and imprecise term of 'consumer sex' by 'strategic sex'. Engaging in transactional sex leaves women vulnerable to health, physical and emotional risks including rape, though the latter is rarely recognised by victims. To better protect and educate women, six recommendations are proposed. Details: London: Secure Livelihoods Research Consortium (SLRC), 2016. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 28, 2016 at: http://www.securelivelihoods.org/publications_details.aspx?resourceid=394 Year: 2016 Country: Congo, Democratic Republic URL: http://www.securelivelihoods.org/publications_details.aspx?resourceid=394 Shelf Number: 138832 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Cimino, Andrea N. Title: Developing and Testing a Theory of Intentions to Exit Street-level Prostitution: A Mixed Methods Study Summary: Exiting prostitution is a process whereby women gradually leave prostitution after a number of environmental, relational, and cognitive changes have taken place. Most women attempting to leave street prostitution reenter five or more times before successfully exiting, if they are able to at all. Prostitution-exiting programs are designed to alleviate barriers to exiting, but several studies indicate only about 20-25% of participants enrolled in such programs are successful. There is little quantitative knowledge on the prostitution exiting process and current literature lacks a testable theory of exiting. This mixed-methods study defined and operationalized key cognitive processes by applying the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction (IMBP) to measure intentions to exit street-level prostitution. Intentions are thought to be a determinant of behavior and hypothesized as a function of attitudes, norms, and efficacy beliefs. The primary research objective was to measure and test a theory-driven hypothesis examining intentions to exit prostitution. To accomplish these aims, interviews were conducted with 16 men and women involved in prostitution to better capture the latent nuances of exiting (e.g., attitudinal changes, normative influence). These data informed the design of a quantitative instrument that was pilot-tested with a group of former prostitutes and reviewed by experts in the field. The quantitative phase focused on validating the instrument and testing the theory in a full latent variable structural equation model with a sample of 160 former and active prostitutes. Ultimately, the theory and instrument developed in this study will lay the foundation to test interventions for street prostituted women. Prior research has only been able to describe, but not explain or predict, the prostitution exiting process. This study fills a gap in literature by providing a quantitative examination of women's intentions to leave prostitution. The results contribute to our understanding of the cognitive changes that occur when a person leaves prostitution, and the validated instrument may be used as an intervention assessment or an exit prediction tool. Success in predicting an individual's passage through the exiting process could have important and far-reaching implications on recidivism policies or interventions for this vulnerable group of women. Details: Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, 2013. 193p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 26, 2016 at: https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/110692/content/Cimino_asu_0010E_13111.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/110692/content/Cimino_asu_0010E_13111.pdf Shelf Number: 139162 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Falegan, Oluwatominsin O. Title: Risk Factors for Sex Work Recidivism in Commercial Sexual Exploitation Victims Summary: INTRODUCTION: An estimated 4.9 million individuals worldwide are currently victims of some form of commercial sexual exploitation. Although there are differing opinions on what can be classified as commercial sexual exploitation, study findings demonstrate that the risk factors and health outcomes for individuals forced or who opt to enter sex work include mental illness, lack of social support, physical injuries and substance abuse. Although studies note that sex work recidivism may be an issue for victims who have exited the commercial sexual exploitation industry, literature addressing the cause and incidence of the phenomenon is very limited. AIM: The purpose of this study was to identify and explore possible risk factors for sex work recidivism by using factors noted in criminal recidivism that align with outcomes for commercial sexual exploitation. The author hypothesizes that individual level factors, such as mental health, substance abuse, and history of abuse, and relationship level factors, such as social support or the lack there of, will be discussed the most in the literature analyzed. METHODS: The researcher did a systematic search of terms related to commercial sexual exploitation (namely: prostitution and sex trafficking) in Georgia State University's online library database and PubMed. Inclusion criteria for this project was the use of terms in an abstract or title and content addressing health outcomes of commercial sexual exploitation. Using an adaptation of the socio-ecological model, the researcher completed a content analysis on articles that met inclusion criteria and extracted and counted the most prevalent themes. Ultimately, the themes were categorized by the four levels of the socio-ecological model. RESULTS: Out of the 47 articles initially retrieved, 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Individual and Societal level factors were mentioned in 20 of the 21 articles. Relationship level factors were mentioned in 17 of the 21 articles, and Community level factors were mentioned in 16 of the 21 articles. DISCUSSION: The findings supported the researcher's hypothesis that individual level factors such as mental illness and substance abuse would be most prevalent in the studies analyzed. However, the findings demonstrating the equal prevalence of societal factors such as inequalities and economic instabilities was a deviation from the author's predictions. Details: Atlanta: Georgia State University, School of Public Health, 2016. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Capstone Project: Accessed June 1, 2016 at: http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=iph_capstone Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=iph_capstone Shelf Number: 139253 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Recidivism Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Carpenter, Ami Title: The Nature and Extent of Gang Involvement in Sex Trafficking in San Diego County: Executive Summary Summary: The overall purpose of this project was to investigate the nature and assess of the scope of gang involvement in sex trafficking in San Diego County. Human trafficking is a global phenomenon with a variety of local manifestations, including labor and sex trafficking. San Diego is ranked by the FBI as one of the nation's 13 highest areas of commercial sexual exploitation of children. Despite widespread attention on sex trafficking, there has been little empirical research on the nature and process of sex trafficking activities, and even less on the connection between sex trafficking and gangs. Prior to this study, much of what was known about sex trafficking in San Diego County was anecdotal and descriptive. The study's basic premise was that empirical investigation would prove useful for both policy and practice. This 3-year study reports on three major sets of findings: (1) the scope and nature of gang involvement in sex trafficking and commercial sexual activity, including detailed analysis of sex trafficking facilitation (2) the scope of nature of victimization in San Diego County, and (3) estimates of the regional commercial sex economy. It was designed to improve on seven shortcomings in human or sex trafficking research thus far: 1. Few credible estimates of the scale of sex trafficking in a particular region 2. The common conflation of commercial sexual exploitation and prostitution with sex trafficking 3. Lack of primary data on sex trafficking 4. Inability to identify networks of sex traffickers 5. Understudied extent of gang involvement in sex trafficking 6. Over-reliance on qualitative methods 7. Small sample sizes Details: San Diego: University of San Diego, 2015. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 8, 2016 at: http://www.abolishhumantrafficking.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Executive-Summary.Final-Technical-Report.NIJ2016-1.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.abolishhumantrafficking.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Executive-Summary.Final-Technical-Report.NIJ2016-1.pdf Shelf Number: 139314 Keywords: Gangs Human trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Amnesty International Title: Sex Workers at Risk: A Research Summary on Human Rights Abuses Against Sex Workers Summary: In recognition of the high rates of human rights abuses experienced globally by individuals who engage in adult consensual sex work, Amnesty International initiated in 2013 a global consultation for a new policy focussed on protecting sex workers from such abuses and violations. In addition to desk-based research into studies from around the world, new primary research was conducted, primarily focused on the human rights impact of criminalizing sex work: The City of Buenos Aires (Argentina); Hong Kong SAR (China); Oslo (Norway); and Papua New Guinea. This summary report provides an overview of the key research findings, highlighting the range and extent of human rights abuses and violations suffered by sex workers. It shows how sex workers face stigma and marginalization, physical and sexual violence, barriers to protection from violence and crime, extortion and coercive police measures, and obstacles to securing their rights to health and housing. The summary report also provides a brief outline of Amnesty International's policy and identifies a range of government actions it believes are necessary to best address the barriers that sex workers routinely face in realizing their rights. Details: London: AI, 2016. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 8, 2016 at: http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/briefing_-_sex_workers_rights_-_embargoed_-_final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/briefing_-_sex_workers_rights_-_embargoed_-_final.pdf Shelf Number: 139324 Keywords: Human Rights Abuses Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Lowthers, Megan Title: Sexual-Economic Entanglement: A Feminist Ethnography of Migrant Sex Work Spaces in Kenya Summary: The recent anti-trafficking fervour as well as the moral panic surrounding prostitution has given rise to large gaps within migrant sex work research, especially in Africa. Despite this, sexual commerce remains a viable economic activity for many women in East Africa, a region where variable migration patterns are central to everyday social, cultural, and economic life. Framed by anthropology, feminist geography, and postcolonial theory, this research examines migrant female sex workers' everyday experiences across time, space, place, and scale from one ethnographic location in Naivasha, Kenya. In order to explore how different migration patterns and types of sexual-economic exchange are entangled, qualitative research was conducted among 110 migrant female sex workers and 15 community representatives. Emphasizing the public relevance of both sexual commerce and everyday migration, African literary tools also frame the migration stories of female sex workers originating from, arriving to, or transiting through Naivasha. This research reveals how street level sex work is reproduced amidst the current global political economy at migrant spaces including an IDP camp, flower farms, along East African highways, and through mobile phone technology. This research also contributes to a better understanding of the often excluded female sex worker - the displaced, migrant, or sex worker in transit - as a complete, engendered person by recognizing her complex lived realities, relationships, and risks. And while migration is predominantly associated with increased vulnerabilities, this research further demonstrates how different types of sexual-economic exchange through different migration patterns variously entangle victimhood and empowerment in complex ways. These findings are especially significant for interdisciplinary academic studies as well as policy and programming addressing sex worker migration in Africa. Details: London, ONT: University of Western Ontario, 2015. 228p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 8, 2016 at: http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5082&context=etd Year: 2015 Country: Kenya URL: http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5082&context=etd Shelf Number: 139328 Keywords: Migration Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Miner-Romanoff, Karen Title: An Evaluation Study of a Criminal Justice Reform Specialty Court - CATCH Court: Changing Actions to Change Habits Summary: This article reports on an evaluation of a program for convicted prostitutes who are victims of human trafficking, the Changing Actions to Change Habits (CATCH) specialized docket in Franklin County, Columbus, Ohio. Founded by Judge Paul M. Herbert in 2009, CATCH blends punitive sentences with a 2-year treatment-oriented non-adversarial program for rearrested prostitutes who suffer from posttraumatic stress syndrome, depression, and drug addiction. Based on therapeutic jurisprudence, in its 5 years of existence CATCH has served 130 participants (12% graduation rate in first 4 years). The researcher was invited by the Franklin County Municipal Court to conduct the evaluation, the first of the program, with criminal justice referrers and program participants. Data were collected from Court records, a 9-item survey for referrers by email, a 20-item survey for participants, and a roundtable discussion with 20 volunteer participants. In the quantitative component, five goals and objectives were formulated. Results of descriptive statistics on participants' experiences indicated that from 48% to 100% were positively affected by the program. Program completers had fewer jail days, arrests, and recidivism, as well as improved living conditions, than noncompleters (those who were rejected or dropped out). Results of inferential statistics for completers and noncompleters indicated that for jail time and arrests, no significant differences were found among the groups. For recidivism, a significant difference was found, indicating that program completers had a statistically significant lower recidivism rate than the other groups. The five goals and objectives were partially met. In the qualitative component, participants singled out caring by the judge and staff, lack of judgment, encouragement of their self-esteem, improved family relationships, and the difficulty of asking for help. For increased awareness, participants suggested education of law enforcement officers about the program, education in communities of young girls, and creation of CATCH-type programs in other cities. Recommendations for future research included more frequent and discrete data collection by the court, larger sample sizes, and individual participant in-depth interviews. The success of the CATCH program indicates its use as a model for similar courts in Ohio and nationally. Details: Columbus, OH: Franklin University, 2015. 95p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 9, 2016 at: https://ext.dps.state.oh.us/OCCS/Pages/Public/Reports/CATCH%20FULL%20REPORT%20for%20Court%20CL%205.30.15.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://ext.dps.state.oh.us/OCCS/Pages/Public/Reports/CATCH%20FULL%20REPORT%20for%20Court%20CL%205.30.15.pdf Shelf Number: 139342 Keywords: Human Trafficking Problem-Solving Courts Prostitutes Prostitution Rehabilitation Victims of Trafficking

Author: McIntyre, Susan Title: Under the Radar: The Sexual Exploitation of Young Man. Manitoba Edition Summary: In December of 2002, Strolling Away was released. Strolling Away represented a longitudinal retrospective study that examined young people from the sexual exploitation trade in 1991-1992 and then again in 2001-2002. The opportunity to interview individuals 10 years later was valuable. One of its major findings was that we know very little about young men involved in the sexual exploitation trade. The young men I interviewed commented on how my questions were "chick questions". It was clear that we have traditionally looked at this issue through a female lens. It became evident through this study that more research was required in order to understand young men in the sexual exploitation trade. Interviews for Under the Radar: The Sexual Exploitation of Young Men - Manitoba Edition began in March 2006 and wrapped up in January 2007. Forty young men were interviewed in total. All forty interviews occurred in Winnipeg. Characteristics of Respondents - 67% of this population are of Aboriginal heritage - 55% had involvement with the Child Welfare System - Just over 30% had completed high school - 77% had a history of running away - 80% had a history prior to the street of being sexually violated - 87% had been physically violated and witnessed aggression while growing up - 70% entered the sexual exploitation trade under the age of 18 - 15% entered the sexual exploitation trade over the age of 20 - Males entered the sexual exploitation trade younger and stayed longer than young women - Close to 70% experienced staying in shelters - Almost everyone felt no one should do this type of work - The fear of gay-bashing exists - Drug use is extensive - Exiting the sexual exploitation trade is a long process, and is usually attempted more than once - Almost everyone has, and does, access HIV / STD testing Details: Calgary, Alberta: The Hindsight Group, 2008. 130p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 10, 2016 at: http://www.gov.mb.ca/fs/traciastrust/pubs/under_the_radar.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Canada URL: http://www.gov.mb.ca/fs/traciastrust/pubs/under_the_radar.pdf Shelf Number: 139359 Keywords: Child Prostitution Male Sex Workers Male Sexual Abuse Victims Prostitution Sex Crimes Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala Title: Human trafficking for sexual exploitation purposes in Guatemala Summary: Human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is a human and social drama, a human rights violation and a criminal offense. It is an illegal practice that affects particularly girls, boys and adolescents, robbing them of their innocence and dignity. It is an unacceptable offense that violates basic rights, while perpetrators benefit, profit, torture and truncate the lives of persons by inflicting suffering on those who are more vulnerable. Trafficking in persons is a form of contemporary slavery that should compel society at large, and authorities, particularly, to reject and decisively eradicate it. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), present the report Sexual Trafficking in Persons in Guatemala within the framework of their mandates, sharing common goals in the area of human rights protection and the fight against impunity, which documents the significance and the consequences of this criminal phenomenon in the country. The objective of this effort is to provide guidance for public policy, budget and investigation strategies in order to identify and dismantle criminal structures, as well as to promote other efforts that ultimately help to prevent and fight the scourge, provide assistance to victims and impart justice to prevent offenses from remaining unpunished. The report includes extensive theoretical and field investigation that identifies Guatemala as a country of origin, transit and reception of trafficking victims. Universal consensus rates this crime as a grave human rights violation, made more serious by the ability of criminal structures to operate transnationally, which makes the problem more complex and imposes difficulties on States to identify, prosecute and dismantle criminal groups. According to the analysis and findings of the report, there are an estimated 48,500 direct victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation in Guatemala, and the illegal profits produced by this offense amount to 12.3 billion quetzales, equivalent to 2.7% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), that is, more than the total budget to educate children and adolescents, estimated at 1.44% of the GDP in 2014. Details: Guatemala City: CICIG, 2016. 145p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 10, 2016 at: http://www.cicig.org/uploads/documents/2016/Trata_Ing_978_9929_40_829_6.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Guatemala URL: http://www.cicig.org/uploads/documents/2016/Trata_Ing_978_9929_40_829_6.pdf Shelf Number: 139363 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Carpenter, Ami Title: The Nature and Extent of Gang Involvement in Sex Trafficking in San Diego County: Full Report Summary: INTRODUCTION In 2011, San Diego County created the multi-agency San Diego County Regional Human Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Advisory Council with the objective to reduce human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of children in San Diego County and the Mexico border region through prevention, prosecution, protection and partnerships. As co-chairs of the Research and Data Sub-Committee of this advisory council, Drs. Carpenter and Gates were asked to pursue a research agenda that would help develop robust measures of the scope of human trafficking in San Diego County. Of particular interest to the County Advisory Council was empirical evidence of the suspected relationship between gangs and human trafficking. BACKGROUND AND STUDY OBJECTIVES The overall purpose of this project was to investigate the nature and assess of the scope of gang involvement in sex trafficking in San Diego County. Human trafficking is a global phenomenon with a variety of local manifestations, including labor and sex trafficking. San Diego is ranked by the FBI as one of the nation's 13 highest areas of commercial sexual exploitation of children. Despite widespread attention on sex trafficking, there has been little empirical research on the nature and process of sex trafficking activities, and even less on the connection between sex trafficking and gangs. Prior to this study, much of what was known about sex trafficking in San Diego County was anecdotal and descriptive. The study's basic premise was that empirical investigation would prove useful for both policy and practice. This 3-year study reports on three major sets of findings: (1) the scope and nature of gang involvement in sex trafficking and commercial sexual activity, including detailed analysis of sex trafficking facilitation (2) the scope of nature of victimization in San Diego County, and (3) estimates of the regional commercial sex economy. It was designed to improve on seven shortcomings in human or sex trafficking research thus far: 1. Few credible estimates of the scale of sex trafficking in a particular region 2. The common conflation of commercial sexual exploitation and prostitution with sex trafficking 3. Lack of primary data on sex trafficking 4. Inability to identify networks of sex traffickers 5. Understudied extent of gang involvement in sex trafficking 6. Over-reliance on qualitative methods 7. Small sample sizes Details: Final report to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2016. 172p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 13, 2016 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249857.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249857.pdf Shelf Number: 139400 Keywords: Gangs Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Great Britain. House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee Title: Prostitution Summary: One of the challenges in examining prostitution is the absence of robust data. The "facts" set out below have been submitted to the Committee in evidence but should be treated with caution and are open to dispute. Terminology is also disputed, with some opposition to the description "sex workers". Our use of the term in this report is a neutral one and refers to female, male or transgender adults who receive money in exchange for sexual services. - Around 11% of British men aged 16-74 have paid for sex on at least one occasion, which equates to 2.3 million individuals. - The number of sex workers in the UK is estimated to be around 72,800 with about 32,000 working in London. - Sex workers have an average of 25 clients per week paying an average of $78 per visit. - In 2014-15, there were 456 prosecutions of sex workers for loitering and soliciting. - An estimated 152 sex workers were murdered between 1990 and 2015. 49% of sex workers (in one survey) said that they were worried about their safety. - There were 1,139 victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation in 2014, and 248 in April to June 2015 (following implementation of the Modern Slavery Act 2015). The main legislation relating to prostitution is contained in the following Acts: - Sexual Offences Act 2003 - Policing and Crime Act 2009 - Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (in relation to placing of advertisements relating to prostitution) - Modern Slavery Act 2015 (in relation to trafficking for sexual exploitation) - Serious Crime Act 2015 (in relation to sexual exploitation of children). The Appendix to this Report sets out further details on existing legislation, supplied by the Home Office. Details: London: House of Commons, 2016. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Third Report of Session 2016-17: Accessed July 29, 2016 at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhaff/26/26.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhaff/26/26.pdf Shelf Number: 139894 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Asia Catalyst Title: "Custody and Education": Arbitrary Detention of Female Sex Workers in China Summary: D Based on research in Beijing and Shanghai, China this report focuses on the daily life, working conditions, access to services, and legal frameworks for transgender female sex workers in China. Transgender female sex workers face a broad array of discrimination in social and policy frameworks, preventing this highly marginalized group's access to a wide spectrum of services and legal protections. They experience amplified stigma due to both their gender identity and their profession. Isolated and often humiliated when seeking public services, particularly in health care settings, has also led many to self-medicate and engage in dangerous transitioning practices, including on self-administered hormone use. In China, transgender people do not necessarily face outright legal penalties, but the absence of non- discrimination laws and lack of enforcement of overarching policies on non-discriminatory access to healthcare and HIV related services, means they are left without effective protection. As sex work is illegal in China, transgender sex workers are further oppressed by the police and, due to social and other factors, engage in high risk activities that put them at increased risk of HIV and STD infection. The research for this report illuminates that the community of female presenting sex workers is very complex and includes men who have sex with men, transgender individuals, and transsexuals. Their vulnerabilities to HIV and their varied health needs need to be carefully assessed, strategically targeted, and addressed. As China is in the process of drafting a new HIV/AIDS action plan for 2016-2020, now is a good opportunity to develop a specific strategy on HIV prevention and care for the transgender community. Details: New York: Asia Catalyst, 2013. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.asiacatalyst.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/AsiaCatalyst_CustodyEducation2013-12-EN.pdf Year: 2013 Country: China URL: http://www.asiacatalyst.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/AsiaCatalyst_CustodyEducation2013-12-EN.pdf Shelf Number: 139926 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: UglyMugs.IE Title: Crime and Abuse Experienced by Sex Workers in Ireland: Victimisation Survey Summary: UglyMugs.ie invited Irish indoor sex workers to take part in the research, which aimed to learn more about escorts in Ireland and particularly about their experiences of crime and abuse. This is the first ever survey of indoor sex workers in Ireland and 195 female, male and trans* escorts took part. Although the survey cannot be considered representative of all persons selling sex in Ireland, 195 participants is a very significant proportion of the Irish sex worker population. The escorts who took part in the survey were from 29 different countries. Most were aged in their 20s or 30s and highly educated. Just over half had worked in sex work in another country prior to becoming an escort in Ireland. 97.3% were self-employed independent escorts, though 33.3% had experience of working for a third party, e.g. an escort agency, in Ireland or elsewhere in the past. Despite it being popularly reported in the media that children are involved in prostitution, there was no evidence of the involvement of any under 16s and only one participant was aged under 18. Participants reported low alcohol and drug use, high condom use, and taking a number of security measures whilst working as an escort, the top ones being not getting in cars with clients (65.3%), taking more precautions when it is a new client (58.1%) and not working alone (41.1%) despite the laws in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland that force escorts to work alone if they want to work legally. Ireland's sex worker population overwhelmingly works indoors with access to phones and the Internet, which is safe conditions, in comparison to outdoor sex working. However, many of the participants reported experiences of a wide range of crime and abuses. It is also clear that a wide range of persons commit crime against sex workers in Ireland, not only clients. 66.7% of participants who had been a victim of crime whilst working as an escort in Ireland did not report to the police. The high level of stigma associated with being an escort being the primary barrier to engaging with police. Participants said that other escorts were the biggest source of help to them after experiencing crime. The research confirmed that currently there are no useful support services for escorts in Ireland, but escorts would welcome the establishment of a variety of sex worker support services. Fear of media exposure amongst escorts in Ireland is very high, even higher than fear of crime, with 74.6% of participants worried or very worried about being exposed as an escort in the newspapers or other media. Recommendations include further research, a review of laws and policies that put sex workers at risk, tackling media abuse of sex workers and the provision of police sex worker liaison services and general advice, legal advice, health services and exiting services for sex workers. The full report outlines that a number of factors put escort at risk of violence and abuse. The lack of support services and good relations with police, mean offenders specifically target escorts, in the belief that they are people in society without any help, who offenders can abuse with a very low risk of facing any consequences as a result. The media portrayal of escorts as people with no rights, no choices, helpless victims who can't say no to anything or anybody, is also sending a very dangerous message to offenders. UglyMugs.ie is a scheme that aims to improve the safety of sex workers in Ireland and reduce crimes committed against them, by bringing sex workers together to share information about potential dangers. Details: s.l.: UglyMugs.IE, 2013. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2016 at: https://uglymugs.ie/wp-content/uploads/ugly-mugs-september-2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Ireland URL: https://uglymugs.ie/wp-content/uploads/ugly-mugs-september-2013.pdf Shelf Number: 139968 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Victimization Survey

Author: UglyMugs.IE Title: Opinions and Experiences of Police: Irish Sex Worker Survey 2015 Summary: 86 sex worker participants, 76 of whom have experience of working in the Republic of Ireland and 41 of whom have experience of working in Northern Ireland. - Most participants were working as female (85.9%). Ages ranged from 18-64 and 25-34 was the largest age group represented (47.1%). - Participants mostly identified as white (77.6%) ethnicity - 91.7% were EU nationals and 23.8% we re Irish or UK nationals - 84.7% had native, fluent or good English. Details: s.l.: UglyMugs.IE, 2015. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2016 at: https://uglymugs.ie/wp-content/uploads/opinions-and-experiences-of-police-uglymugsie-2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Ireland URL: https://uglymugs.ie/wp-content/uploads/opinions-and-experiences-of-police-uglymugsie-2015.pdf Shelf Number: 139969 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe Title: Nothing About Us Without Us! Ten Years of Sex Workers' Rights Activism and Advocacy in Europe Summary: This report identifies the main trends affecting sex workers in the region. In particular, it explores the increased criminalisation of sex work, targeting either sex workers, clients or third parties; the continued conflation of sex work, migration and trafficking; and the criminalisation of "vulnerabilities" and poverty. Each of these trends increase the vulnerability of sex workers to violence, including physical, psychological, sexual and structural violence and limit their access to health and justice. The report also explores the development of the sex workers' rights movement in the region with examples of sex workers-led organisations and the growing support for sex workers' rights in civil society and academia. Details: Amsterdam: ICRSE, 2015. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 29, 2016 at: http://www.sexworkeurope.org/sites/default/files/userfiles/files/ICRSE_10years%20report_Decemberr2015_photo_final.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://www.sexworkeurope.org/sites/default/files/userfiles/files/ICRSE_10years%20report_Decemberr2015_photo_final.pdf Shelf Number: 140069 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe Title: Exploitation: Unfair labour arrangements and precarious working conditions in the sex industry Summary: The sex workers' movement in Europe and across the globe has a long and dynamic history. For decades, community members and their allies have been actively advocating for freedom from stigmatisation, violence and legal oppression, calling for sex workers' right to autonomy and selfdetermination, and requesting their unconditional access to justice and healthcare. One of the key demands driving collective mobilisation and activism among sex workers has been the recognition of sex work as labour, i.e. a legitimate occupation and way to earn one's livelihood. In consequence, sex workers shoud be entitled to the same labour rights and protections as any other workers. Although this demand has been repeatedly vocalised by the sex worker movement since the 1970s and found its way into sex work legislations of several countries,1 and into official documents of the International Labour Organisation (ILO),2 it is still downplayed or contested in some scholarly writing and, more frequently, in political debates. We refer here to the neo-abolitionist stance expressed (and enacted) in academia, public media, court rooms, and parliaments, which obstinately refuses to recognise sex work as work and, in turn, depicts it as indivisibly bound up with coercion, subjugation, and abuse. Some neo-abolitionist and anti-prostitution advocates go even further and state that regardless of the respective national setting, legal context or type of work environment in which it takes place, sex work represents in itself a form of violence, exploitation or even a manifestation of 'sexual slavery'.3 This conviction is not only untruthful and ideological but also very harmful and dangerous, as it spurs on attempts to eradicate sex work through legal developments, such as the criminalisation of third parties or clients, repressive policing of sex workers through municipal by-laws, or uneven anti-trafficking measures. In result, the neo-abolitionist stance contributes to the criminalisation of sex workers' workplaces and leads to their increasing victimisation as 'prostituted women' or 'sex slaves'. This community report aims to engage in the discussion over exploitation in the sex industry, while simultaneously challenging the neo-abolitionist definition of sex work (or 'prostitution') as 'sexual exploitation'. It argues that this approach obscures the complex realities of sex workers' lives and work arrangements, and in consequence fails to address the diversity of exploitative working practices that do occur in the sex industry. Both sex work, as form of work and income-generating activity, and exploitation in the sex industry, so labour arrangements that enable one person to take unfair advantage of the work of another person, belong to the realm of work and should be viewed and analysed through the lens of labour. Only by focusing on sex workers' working conditions, as well as employment practices and arrangements under which sexual services are sold and exchanged can we come to a better understanding of and challenge exploitation in sex industry Details: Amsterdam: ICRSE, 2016. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2016 at: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/Exploitation%20Report,%20ICRSE%20-%20May%202016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/Exploitation%20Report,%20ICRSE%20-%20May%202016.pdf Shelf Number: 140234 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Industry Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Asia Catalyst Title: The Condom Quandary: A Study of the Impact of Law Enforcement Practices on Effective HIV Prevention among Male, Female, and Transgender Sex Workers in China Summary: Sex work is illegal in China, and law enforcement practices that focus on condoms as evidence of prostitution are having a negative impact on HIV prevention among sex workers. When Lanlan, who runs a community based organization (CBO) and support group for sex workers in northern China, introduced female condoms to the female sex workers she works with as part of her CBO's HIV and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) program, their first reaction was: "The female condom is too big. We can't swallow it if the police come!" This story highlights the conundrum sex workers in China face when attempting to avoid penalties by law enforcement and protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases and infections (STIs) and HIV. Details: New York: Asia Catalyst, 2016. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2016 at: http://asiacatalyst.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/The-Condom-Quandary-Report_en.pdf Year: 2016 Country: China URL: http://asiacatalyst.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/The-Condom-Quandary-Report_en.pdf Shelf Number: 146787 Keywords: Condoms HIV Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Asia Catalyst Title: "My Life Is Too Dark To See the Light": A Survey of the Living Conditions of Transgender Female Sex Workers in Beijing and Shanghai Summary: Based on research in Beijing and Shanghai, China this report focuses on the daily life, working conditions, access to services, and legal frameworks for transgender female sex workers in China. Transgender female sex workers face a broad array of discrimination in social and policy frameworks, preventing this highly marginalized group's access to a wide spectrum of services and legal protections. They experience amplified stigma due to both their gender identity and their profession. Isolated and often humiliated when seeking public services, particularly in health care settings, has also led many to self-medicate and engage in dangerous transitioning practices, including on self-administered hormone use. In China, transgender people do not necessarily face outright legal penalties, but the absence of nondiscrimination laws and lack of enforcement of overarching policies on non-discriminatory access to healthcare and HIV related services, means they are left without effective protection. As sex work is illegal in China, transgender sex workers are further oppressed by the police and, due to social and other factors, engage in high risk activities that put them at increased risk of HIV and STD infection. The research for this report illuminates that the community of female presenting sex workers is very complex and includes men who have sex with men, transgender individuals, and transsexuals. Their vulnerabilities to HIV and their varied health needs need to be carefully assessed, strategically targeted, and addressed. As China is in the process of drafting a new HIV/AIDS action plan for 2016-2020, now is a good opportunity to develop a specific strategy on HIV prevention and care for the transgender community. Details: New York: Asia Catalyst, 2015. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2016 at: http://asiacatalyst.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Asia-Catalyst-TG-SW-Report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Asia URL: http://asiacatalyst.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Asia-Catalyst-TG-SW-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 140271 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Transgender Persons

Author: Great Britain. Crown Prosecution Service Title: Violence against Women and Girls: Crime Report, 2013-2014 Summary: This report is an analysis of the key prosecution issues in each Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG) strand - domestic violence (DV), rape, sexual offences, stalking, harassment, forced marriage, honour based violence, female genital mutilation, child abuse, human trafficking, prostitution and pornography. We recognise that most of these offences are targeted at male victims as well as female victims. A number of case studies are used to illustrate some good practice from Areas. Details: London: Crown Prosecution Services, 2014. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: https://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/cps_vawg_report_2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/cps_vawg_report_2014.pdf Shelf Number: 147889 Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Crime Statistics Domestic Violence Forced Marriage Honour-Based Violence Human Trafficking Pornography Prostitution Sex Offenses Violence Against Women, Girls

Author: Sex Workers' Rights Advocacy Network (SWAN) Title: Failures of Justice: State and Non-State Violence Against Sex Workers and the Search for Safety and Redress Summary: This report is about sex work, violence and HIV in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The report provides the results of an extensive community-led research in sixteen countries of the region. It shows the daily violence that sex workers experience from police and clients and documents how violence is associated with lower capacity for HIV risk reduction. It further examines whether and how sex workers may try to halt impunity of law enforcement and access to justice. The figures speak for themselves. Forty percent of respondents in the survey have been arrested in the last twelve months, one in five experienced physical violence and one in seven experienced sexual violence by police. Twenty percent of respondents reported extortion. The report tells us also how condoms are routinely used by police as "evidence of crime", how syringes are confiscated or destroyed on a daily basis, and how street-based workers are displaced from their work location as a consequence of arrests, extortion and fines. It contributes with evidence from the region to the published literature documenting how poor policing practices are causally associated with a lower capacity for risk reduction, poor access to services and increased exposure to HIV. It describes how the fear that someone's drug use or sex work may be reported to police or to child welfare authorities, would discourage sex workers from seeking services, HIV testing and entering the care system. Eastern Europe and Central Asia is the region of the world that has witnessed the largest increase in HIV prevalence over the last ten years and where the epidemic continues to expand. The number of people living with HIV now exceeds 1.4 million. The epidemic is concentrated in that it primarily affects vulnerable groups of the population. Access to HIV treatment remains particularly low in the region. Less than 50 % of people estimated to be infected with HIV know their serologic status and less than a third of the people who have been diagnosed with HIV access antiretroviral treatment. Epidemiological data on sex workers and on other vulnerable groups are scarce because of criminalization of these groups and lack of sentinel surveillance. Throughout the region, sex workers, people who inject drugs and other vulnerable groups are either 'illegal' or face discriminatory legislation and policies. There are high levels of stigma and discrimination, poor access to prevention and care services and an understandable distrust of affected groups towards the public system. Most support services directed to sex workers and people who inject drugs are provided by civil society and community groups who are doing remarkable work - often without adequate resources and in hostile environments. These services have been funded for years by the Global Fund. The Fund however, is now leaving the region, and no mechanisms are in place to allow for the NGO and community-based peer outreach to be funded from governmental budgets. The risk that many of the services will be discontinued and that discontinuation will result in further epidemic outbreaks of HIV, is real. Discriminatory laws, regulations and policies, including those that give a sense of impunity to perpetrators of violence against sex workers - need to be traded for supportive and stigma-free environments that allow sex workers to access crucial health care services, including sexual and reproductive health services and HIV prevention, treatment and care. In other words, we need above all to ensure that human rights are at the forefront of everything we do. Details: Budapest, SWAN, 2015. 108p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2016 at: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/Failures%20of%20Justice%20State%20and%20Non-State%20Violence%2C%20SWAN%20-%20September%202015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/Failures%20of%20Justice%20State%20and%20Non-State%20Violence%2C%20SWAN%20-%20September%202015.pdf Shelf Number: 124629 Keywords: HIV Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Violence

Author: Polaris Project Title: More than Drinks for Sale: Exposing Sex Trafficking in Cantinas & Bars in the U.S. Summary: Across the United States, thousands of Latina women are prisoners of the sex trafficking industry in bars and cantinas. These women are victims of an underground sex economy, run by traffickers who go largely untouched. From December 2007 to March 2016, the National Human Trafficking Resource Center hotline and BeFree Textline identified 1,300 potential victims from Latin America in cantina-related cases in 20 U.S. states and Puerto Rico. Deceived and enticed with false promises of good jobs or a better life, victims are lured to the U.S. by some of the most violent trafficking networks operating in the country and are forced to engage in commercial sex. Polaris's new report More than Drinks for Sale: Exposing Sex Trafficking in Cantinas and Bars in the U.S. details how these commercial-front brothels continue to operate largely unchecked by posing as traditional bars or nightclubs - and highlights the need to eradicate this crime and support its survivors. Details: Washington, DC: Polaris, 2016. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 20, 2016 at: http://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Cantinas-SexTrafficking-EN.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Cantinas-SexTrafficking-EN.pdf Shelf Number: 145619 Keywords: Human trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Hamilton, Paul Title: Reducing Demand, Controlling Supply: Evaluating new street-level prostitution policy interventions and paradigms in Nottingham. Summary: This thesis describes and explains the impact of a number of policy initiatives intended to tackle the demand for, and supply of, street-level markets operating in Nottingham. The research triangulated survey data undertaken with 104 men attending a Nottingham-based 'Kerb-Crawler Rehabilitation Programme' (the 'Change' Programme) and interview data with twenty-two 'working girls', ten 'punters' and ten agency/Criminal Justice professionals. Current sociological and criminological writings on prostitution suggest that recent policy interventions are broadly representative of a 'paradigm shift' away from punitive-only initiatives aimed at working girls, towards the criminalisation of men that pay for (street-level) sex. Whilst these policy interventions are bedevilled by contradictions and inconsistencies, there is an inherent assumption that demand reductions can, and will, lead to a corresponding contraction in supply. In light of this, the thrust of the analysis in this thesis focused on several key questions: do policy interventions - particularly those concerned with 're-educating' punters - reduce the recidivism rates amongst identified street-level punters? Do 'new' policy initiatives deter 'new' punters into Nottingham's street-level sex markets? Do they facilitate 'exiting' for street-level working girls? And overarching all of this: can we rely upon simplistic economic assumptions about the relationship between supply and demand to street-level markets? Details: Nottingham, UK: Nottingham Trent University, 2009. 513p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed September 28, 2016 at: http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/164/ Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/164/ Shelf Number: 140482 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Unizon Title: Pornography and Prostitution: a report on exploitation and demand Summary: Report on the links between pornography and gender-based violence, including legal policy proposals for Sweden with US comparisons. Part I (pp. 1-30) is written by Unizon (Swedish women's shelter umbrella NGO) and based on primary data from their member organizations. Part II (pp. 31-108) is written by Max Waltman in collaboration with Unizon. The four chapters in part II is based on Waltman's PhD dissertation (2014), making an analytical summary of the existing research, then followed by legal policy proposals. Adopting a problem-driven theoretical approach, the reality of pornography's harms is analyzed. Evidence shows its production exploits existing inequalities among persons typically drawn from other forms of prostitution who suffer multiple disadvantages, such as extreme poverty, childhood sexual abuse, and race and gender discrimination, making survival alternatives remote. Consumption is divided by sex. A majority of young adult men consumes pornography frequently; women rarely do, usually not unless initiated by others. After consumption, studies show many normal men become substantially more sexually aggressive and increasingly trivialize and support violence against women. Vulnerable populations - including among others battered, raped, or prostituted women - are most harmed as a result. The report concludes with a chapter outlining legal policy proposals. It analyzes their real and imagined obstacles and potential to address real empirically documented harms with law. First, a proposal for applying existing procuring provisions on production of pornography is made since pornographers literally "promote," and typically also "improperly economically exploit" that persons have sex for remuneration. Case law shows that freedom of expression is not an obstacle, so long as an application of general law on offenses committed during production does not directly target the dissemination of otherwise constitutionally protected expressive materials (cf. conviction of Anna Odell's Art Activism 2009, and convictions of rapists who systematically filmed their offenses to make pornography). Second, a legislation against dissemination via similar amendments in the Swedish basic law as for child pornography or alcohol commercials is proposed, but based on a more precise and narrowly tailored definition of the graphic sexually explicit subordinating, and dehumanizing and objectifying pornography that evidence-based research show causes more gender-based violence. Civil rights legislation against such sex discrimination is recommended, among other things since studies of the application of criminal pornography laws show serious deficiencies or non-enforcement when the initiative does not lie among those affected - an approach that does not account effectively for their perspectives and interests. The latter can be represented by actors with stronger incentives (e.g., women's shelter organizations) than disinterested, desensitized, or over-worked police officers and prosecutors. Details: Stockholm: Unizon, 2016. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2016 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2846737 Year: 2016 Country: Sweden URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2846737 Shelf Number: 140805 Keywords: Gender-Based Violence Pornography Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Violence

Author: Hill, Angela Title: "This Modern Day Slavery": Sex Trafficking and Moral Panic in the United Kingdom Summary: The dissertation analyzes the discourse and development of the British anti-sex trafficking movement. Following the European Union's largest expansion in 2004, the United Kingdom experienced a surge in immigration from Eastern Europe, which was greeted by fears about losing British culture, stolen jobs, and rising criminal activity. From this welter of concerns, I argue, the issue of sex trafficking coalesced into a moral panic about the dangers of immigration and the sexual exploitation of women. Using qualitative research and discourse analysis, I examine the movement's depiction of the trafficking victim and its reliance on punitive policing and anti-immigration policies. Although anti-trafficking advocates claim the abolition of the African slave trade as their historical precedent, I contend that the conceptual roots of contemporary discourse lie in the white slavery panic of the Victorian era. Today's description of the trafficked woman as young, naive, and Eastern European recalls the figure of the white slave at the same time that it demonizes migrant sex workers who do not fit the feminized and culturally-bound profile of helpless victim. This analysis of the United Kingdom's response to a changing demographic landscape reveals how a reaction can define the phenomenon to which it ostensibly refers. In other words, the anti-trafficking campaign produces its opposing object, � sex trafficking - by delimiting the discursive field and determining the appropriate course of defensive action. In light of the political and economic crises wracking post-millennial Britain, the realm recast itself as a hostile environment for sex trafficking and inaugurated a series of unprecedented policing measures and prostitution policy shifts. To interrogate these events I perform a contrapuntal reading that troubles both the conceptual basis of the anti-trafficking movement and its legal and tactical operations. Through this analysis, my dissertation reveals that the anti-trafficking campaign is not a reaction to the sexual traffic in women; it is part of a larger socio-legal response to Eastern Europeans seeking access to the United Kingdom as full members of the European Union. This project constitutes an expansion and repositioning of studies of sex work and migration, offering a specific analysis of the British context while emphasizing the intersection between standardized narratives and cultural ruptures. Details: Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley, 2011. 146p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20,. 2016 at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d8113tb Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d8113tb Shelf Number: 145876 Keywords: Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Moral Panic Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Macleod, Jan Title: Challenging Men's Demand for Prostitution in Scotland: A Research Report Based on Interviews with 110 Men Who Bought Women in Prostitution Summary: Public awareness of prostitution as a human rights issue has grown in recent years, along with an understanding of the harm resulting from sexual exploitation as commercial enterprise. There is also recognition of the need to understand prostitution in its cultural contexts, and the need to understand the social structures and the psychological articulation of misogyny that stimulates and sustains prostitution as a social institution. The authors of this research report realise that although it is essential to address the urgent mental and physical needs of women and children during prostitution and after their escape, it is also imperative to address men's demand for prostitution which is at the root of the problem. Acceptance of prostitution is one of a cluster of harmful attitudes that encourage and justify violence against women. Violent behaviours against women have been associated with attitudes that promote men's belief that they are entitled to sexual access to women, that they are superior to women, and that they are licensed as sexual aggressors. Men who use women in prostitution strongly endorse such attitudes toward women (Cotton et al., 2002, Farley et al., 1998). There has been considerable debate in Scotland on how best to address prostitution and other commercial sexual exploitation, including what is euphemistically termed adult entertainment. The Routes Out of Prostitution Partnership and other projects that have challenged prostitution in Glasgow in the past decade have been informed by an understanding of prostitution as commercial sexual exploitation and as a form of violence against women. Prevention of prostitution is a key aim of this work. The findings of this research will contribute to an understanding of and strategies for challenging men's demand for prostitution. Details: Glasgow: Women's Support Project, 2008. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 21, 2016 at: http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ChallengingDemandScotland.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ChallengingDemandScotland.pdf Shelf Number: 110473 Keywords: Human Rights Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Violence Against Women

Author: Okara, Umeka Akubuike Title: A Survey of Male Attendees at Sandyford Initiative: Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours in Relation to Prostitution Summary: ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To gain a detailed understanding of the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours in relation to prostitution among male attendees at a routine clinical sexual health service. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey using purposive sampling. SETTING: The Sandyford Initiative, Glasgow. PARTICIPANTS: 241 male attendees at the GUM drop-in and Corner clinics of The Sandyford Initiative. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours. RESULTS: 440 males attended the clinics during the study period. Of 346 men approached, 241 (69.7%) accepted participation. There was no statistically significant difference between the men who participated in the study and the men who did not participate in terms of their age (t=-0.638, p=0.523); deprivation area (X 2 =1.889, p=0.339); sexual orientation (X 2 =0.111, p=0.739); and diagnosis of STI (X 2 =0.561, p=0.454). The clients of prostitutes are varied and are not significantly different from non-clients except in their occupational status (p<0.001). While, non-clients were likely to show better knowledge on the level of risk involved in patronizing prostitutes, the clients show significantly better knowledge on the problems of prostitutes. Non-clients were more likely to feel that it is acceptable for a father or son to pay for sex (p=0.011); it is difficult to leave prostitution once into it (p<0.011); and that prostitution is not wrong (p<0.011). They are less likely to feel that women freely choose to be involved in prostitution (p<0.011). The motivational factors which cause men to purchase sex act are consistent with other research findings. 15.4% (n=37) of the respondents had ever paid for sex. 65.8%of the respondents had watched pornography. Greater proportion (81.1%) of those who had paid for sex had watched pornography as compared to 63.1% of those who had not paid for sex. Three quarters of the clients first paid for sex when they were 16-20 years old and a further 22.8% did that at 21-25 years. Vaginal sex was the commonest sex bought and clients were more likely to buy sex abroad. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to study men's perspectives of prostitution at a routine clinical sexual health service setting. The clients of prostitutes are varied and are not significantly different from non-clients except in their occupational status. Clients were more in paid employment and were less self employed or unemployed than non-clients. While, non-clients show more knowledge on the level of risk involved in patronizing prostitutes, the clients show significantly better knowledge on the problems of prostitutes. The motivational factors which cause men to purchase sex act are consistent with other research findings. 15.4% (n=37) of the respondents had ever paid for sex. Watching pornography was significantly associated with paying for sex. Payment for sex is commonly initiated before the age of 20. Vaginal sex was the commonest sex bought and clients were more likely to buy sex abroad. Details: Glasgow: University of Glasgow, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Health Policy, 2005. 119p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 14, 2016 at: http://www.womenssupportproject.co.uk/userfiles/file/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Project.pdf Year: 2005 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.womenssupportproject.co.uk/userfiles/file/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Project.pdf Shelf Number: 146674 Keywords: Pornography Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Skidmore, Michael Title: The role and impact of organised crime in the local off-street sex market Summary: Key Messages • In a single city 65 brothels, linked to 74 offenders, were identified over a two-year period. Over three quarters (77 per cent) displayed links to organised crime groups. • There was a high level of turnover and movement of those working in brothels. In a third (29 per cent) of brothels there was evidence that sex workers' movements had been controlled. • Organised crime pervades the off-street sex market but was not prioritised for a response by local police teams. • No single agency took ownership of the problem of exploitation in the off-street sex market and there was very little proactive engagement with vulnerable sex workers. Details: London: The Police Foundation, 2016. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Reducing the Impact of Serious Organised Crime in Local Communities: Accessed November 16, 2016 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/organised_crime_and_the_adult_sex_market.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/organised_crime_and_the_adult_sex_market.pdf Shelf Number: 144846 Keywords: Organized Crime Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Markets Sex Workers

Author: Great Britain. Crown Prosecution Service Title: Violence against Women and Girls: Crime Report, 2015-16 Summary: The Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG) report is the ninth edition published by the CPS. It provides an assessment of prosecution performance on crimes that have been grouped together under the heading ‘VAWG’, as they have been identified as being committed primarily, but not exclusively, by men against women. The CPS addresses these issues within the overarching crossgovernment strategic framework of VAWG, recognising that victims of this group of crimes are disproportionally female. The approach acknowledges VAWG as a fundamental issue of human rights and women’s rights. The UK government has signed and ratified the United Nations call to all states to prevent and respond to violence against women. VAWG is recognised worldwide, and by the UK Government, as a form of offending where gender plays a part. As the United Nations2 describes it: ‘Violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women, which have led to domination over and discrimination against women by men and to the prevention of the full advancement of women, and … violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men’. The CPS is committed to securing justice for all victims of crimes grouped together as ‘VAWG’. To that end, we are inclusive in our approach. All our VAWG policies are applied fairly and equitably to all perpetrators and victims of crime – irrespective of their gender. Recognising that these offences can be targeted at male and transgender victims as well as female victims, the report includes total data on all perpetrators and victims, irrespective of gender. Where possible, data is broken down, in the body of the report, by gender as well as overall volumes and proportions. The report is an analysis of the key prosecution issues in each VAWG strand – domestic abuse (DA), stalking, harassment, rape, sexual offences, forced marriage, honour based violence, female genital mutilation, child abuse, human trafficking for sexual exploitation, prostitution and pornography. The data that forms the basis of the report is derived from the CPS’ Case Management System (CMS) and its associated Management Information System (MIS) which shows the number of defendants, offences and victims or witnesses. Domestic abuse, rape, forced marriage, honour-based violence, child abuse and human trafficking cases are identified by flags applied to defendants. Stalking, harassment, sexual offences, prostitution, pornography and obscenity data can only be provided using the offences data base. Details: London: CPS, 2016. 114p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 15, 2016 at: http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/cps_vawg_report_2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/cps_vawg_report_2016.pdf Shelf Number: 146121 Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Crime Statistics Domestic Violence Forced Marriage Honour-Based Violence Human Trafficking Pornography Prostitution Sex Offenses Violence Against Women, Girls

Author: Douse, Kirstie Title: Sex Workers and the Law Summary: "Sex Workers and the Law" outlines: the criminal offences related to sex working and the buying of sexual services; offences specific to premises used for sex working; the law around anti social behaviour orders; dealing with the police and the criminal justice system more generally; criminal records; trafficking offences; advice on tax and the rules around non British sex workers. In short, it is hoped that this publication will be a practical guide for those whose sex work and those involved in the industry as well as statutory and voluntary agencies, and other professionals who come into contact with those involved in the sex industry. Release is a charity which since 1967 has offered advocacy, education, campaigning and the only free helpline specialising in drug-related legal issues. Our advice is professional and confidential and it is our aim to promote understanding of drug-related issues and to support an often marginalised section of society. Details: London: Release: Drugs, The Law & Human Rights, 2017. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 2, 2017 at: http://www.release.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/publications/SEX_WORKERS_%26_THE_LAW_2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.release.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/publications/SEX_WORKERS_%26_THE_LAW_2017.pdf Shelf Number: 141295 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Industry Sex Workers

Author: Busch-Armendariz, Noel Title: Human Trafficking by the Numbers: The Initial Benchmark of Prevalence and Economic Impact for Texas Summary: Report from the Statewide Human Trafficking Mapping Project of Texas, a collaboration among the Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault (IDVSA) and the Bureau of Business Research at The University of Texas at Austin as well as Allies Against Slavery. The study found that there are more than 300,000 victims of human trafficking in Texas, including almost 79,000 minors and youth victims of sex trafficking and nearly 234,000 adult victims of labor trafficking. Minor and youth sex trafficking costs the state of Texas approximately $6.6 billion annually, and traffickers exploit approximately $600 million from victims of labor trafficking in Texas. Details: Austin: University of Texas at Austin, School of Social Work, Institute on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault , 2016. 110p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 6, 2017 at: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/44597/idvsa-2016-human-trafficking-by-the-numbers.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/44597/idvsa-2016-human-trafficking-by-the-numbers.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 141349 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Costs of Crime Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Prostitution Sex Trafficking

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: Trafficking in Persons to Europe for sexual exploitation Summary: What is the nature of the market? A greater variety of nationalities has been found among human trafficking victims in West and Central Europe than in any other part of the world, and most of these victims (84%) were trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Both the detection rate and the type of exploitation detected are affected by enforcement patterns, however. In 2006, the entire Western Hemisphere only recorded some 150 convictions for human trafficking, which is about the same number as Germany alone. It is difficult to say to what extent this is indicative of a greater problem or whether it is simply a matter of greater vigilance. In recent years, the majority of human trafficking victims detected in Europe have come from the Balkans and the former Soviet Union, in particular Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Moldova. Victims from at least some of these five countries have also been located in all parts of Europe. But the dominance of these groups appears to be changing as new source countries emerge on the European scene. Although trafficking from South America occurs in a smaller number of countries, it is often severe in the places where it does occur. The main destinations for South American victims are Spain, Italy, Portugal, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Almost all of this trafficking is for the purpose of sexual exploitation and it includes transgender victims. Among South Americans, Brazilian victims have been increasingly detected in Europe. Trafficking originating in this country mainly affects the poor communities of the north (such as Amazonas, Pará, Roraima and Amapá), rather than the richer regions of the south. Trafficking from Africa affects mainly West African communities, in particular Nigerian women and girls. Trafficking originating from North Africa (Morocco and Tunisia) is still very limited, but may be increasing. Trafficking from East Africa (Uganda and Kenya) is found mainly in the United Kingdom.5 Trafficking from East Asia has traditionally involved mainly Thai women. More recently, Chinese nationals are also affected, as are women from Viet Nam and Cambodia. These women are normally exploited in indoor prostitution, such as massage parlours, saunas or beauty centres. Details: New York: UNODC, 2017. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 10, 2017 at: http://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/unodc-trafficking-in-persons-to-europe-for-sexual-exploitation.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Europe URL: http://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/unodc-trafficking-in-persons-to-europe-for-sexual-exploitation.pdf Shelf Number: 144452 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Sagar, Tracey Title: Off Street Sex Work in Cardiff: Identifying Service Provision Needs Summary: This document reports on the findings of the research "Off Street Sex Work in Cardiff: Identifying Service Provision Needs" which was conducted between November 2010 and February 2011. Off street sex work takes place in Cardiff as it does in many major cities across the United Kingdom (UK). However, little is known about the nature of off street sex work in Cardiff, and even less about the sexual health needs of off street workers. There is indeed a dearth of data regarding this particular group of sex workers generally throughout the UK and an absence of knowledge with regard to the off street market in Cardiff. This report seeks to fill this gap in local knowledge and in doing so inform the work of Terrence Higgins Trust Cymru (THT) in order that the Charity can expand its service provision to off street sex workers. The project sought to engage sex workers who work off street in brothels / sauna / massage / parlour establishments in Cardiff. It also sought to engage sex workers who work independently as sex workers / escorts and those who work though escort agencies. Overall the research aimed to: · Provide a literature review of research on sex work in Cardiff. · Provide an estimation of the numbers of off street sex workers in Cardiff. · Provide an insight into the sexual health of off street workers in Cardiff. · Highlight the sexual health 'needs' of off street sex workers. · Inform the development of THT's sexual health services for off street workers. The research and research process also sought to: · Provide a stepping stone to establishing a relationship of trust between THT Cymru and off street workers. · Gain an understanding of the support networks (if any) of off street workers. · Report on the experiences of off street workers and bring the voices of off street workers into the policy development framework. Details: Swansea, Wales, UK: Criminal Justice and Criminology, Swansea University, 2011. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 5, 2017 at: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa17432 Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa17432 Shelf Number: 144721 Keywords: Escorts Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Street Workers

Author: Pitcher, Jane Title: Diversity in sexual labour: an occupational study of indoor sex work in Great Britain Summary: While there is a considerable body of academic literature on prostitution and sex work, there is relatively little research exploring the working conditions and occupational structures for men and women working in the indoor sex industry. There is a continuing tension between the theoretical position that considers prostitution as gendered exploitation and that which views commercial sex as work, although more recent studies have begun to explore different labour practices in some types of sex work. This thesis moves beyond previous analyses through framing the research theoretically as an occupational study, encompassing the experiences and transitions of female and male sex workers, as well as a small number of transgender participants, and setting these in the context of broader labour market theories and research. Using a qualitative approach, the study considers diverse labour processes and structures in indoor markets and adult sex workers perceptions of the terms and conditions of their work. The research develops an understanding of sex workers agency in relation to state structures, policy frameworks and varied working circumstances. It theorises the relationship of human agency to social stigma and recognition or denial of rights. It extends on existing classifications of pathways into and from sex work and develops typologies incorporating transitions between sub-sectors in the indoor sex industry, as well as temporary and longer-term sex working careers related to varied settings and individual aspirations. While the research identified gendered structures in indoor markets, which reflect those in the broader economy, the findings also contest gender-specific constructions of exploitation and agency through emphasising the diverse experiences of both male and female sex workers. I argue for development of a continuum of agency, which incorporates interlinking concepts such as respect, recognition and economic status and includes both commercial and private intimate relations. I contend that acknowledgement of sexual labour as work is a necessary precondition for recognising sex workers rights and reducing instances of physical and social disrespect. Nonetheless, this is not sufficient to counter social stigma, which is perpetuated by state discourses and policy campaigns which fail to recognise sex workers voices and, in doing so, create new forms of social injustice. Details: Loughborough, Leicestershire: Loughborough University, 2014. 333p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 21, 2017 at: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639741 Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639741 Shelf Number: 145146 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Sanders-McDonagh, Erin Title: Women's Open Space Project Evaluation: Final Report Summary: This report presents findings from an evaluation of the WOS project, carried out between July 2011 and March 2012. The evaluation sought to analyze the impact and efficacy of services offered to street-based sex workers by WOS and to look at the NHYC model of engagement with young women at risk of sexual exploitation. This report will provide an analysis of service delivery and user-engagement with WOS and NHYC, and will highlight areas of best practice in engaging with street-based sex workers and with young women at risk of sexual exploitation. The Women's Open Space (WOS) project works with street-based sex workers in North London, effectively combines outreach and drop-in services to meet the specific needs of their client base. Women at the drop-in felt the most vital services they received related to housing, health (physical, sexual, and mental), and emotional support. WOS has helped women make positive changes to their lives and encourages them to engage with services that are appropriate for them. Many of the women at the drop-in had reduced or stabilized their drug use; some of them were practicing safer sex because of information and advice received at the service; others were in stable accommodation as a direct result of the WOS project's intercession. The organizational philosophy of WOS means that the services provided for sex workers are user-led and take a holistic approach to helping women. This gives women a sense of ownership about their interactions with the project, and all of the women we spoke to felt the WOS project had made a significant difference to their physical and emotional well being. WOS work effectively with other third sector and statutory bodies to ensure that sex workers have access to a range of services that will help provide support and stability. Their positive working relationships are evidence of good practice in the field. Young women who are at risk of sexual exploitation are effectively engaged with youth services through the New Horizon Youth Centre (NHYC). WOS and NHYC work together to ensure that young women who are at risk of sexual exploitation or who are facing sexually exploitative situations are encouraged to access targeted youth interventions, which diverts young women from becoming fully entrenched in sex working. This cooperative model is something that could and should be employed in other areas. Both WOS and NHYC take a holistic approach to working with their clients, and have built up trust with women that are particularly 'hard-to-reach'. These relationships are having a positive impact on the lives of those who attend the drop-in services, which is partly due to the model of working, but also connects to the particular knowledge and expertise of the WOS/NHYC staff. Introduction Details: London: New Horizon Youth Centre, 2012. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2017 at: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/14536/3/WOSFinalReport2012Sept.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/14536/3/WOSFinalReport2012Sept.pdf Shelf Number: 145163 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation Street Prostitution

Author: Martin, Lauren Title: Early Intervention to Avoid Sex Trading and Trafficking of Minnesota's Female Youth: A Benefit-Cost Analysis: Full Report Summary: We provide analysis of an innovative policy to reduce social harms from sex trading among female youth, including adolescents (e.g. survival sex, prostitution, sex trafficking). The policy consists of early intervention efforts with adolescent females to prevent and dissuade them from sex trading. Our framework treats the program as an investment project and calculates its net present value, where the benefits are understood to be harms avoided by successfully reducing the extent of sex trading. We approach the analysis from the narrow perspective of the public budget. That is, both the cost of the program and the specific harms from sex trading are evaluated in terms of the burden they impose on a community's government expenditures. We do not examine the full social costs of sex trading. Our valuation of harms is a conservative estimate based on available social science data. We conduct sensitivity analysis with respect to key model parameters such as program effectiveness, discount rate and other model parameters. The program returns positive Net Present Value in all but the most pessimistic scenarios, which we believe are highly unlikely to prevail. In our best estimate it returns $34 in benefit for each $1 in cost. Details: Minneapolis: Minnesota Indian Women's Resource Center, 2012. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2017 at: http://mnhttf.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Benefit-Cost-Study-Full.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://mnhttf.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Benefit-Cost-Study-Full.pdf Shelf Number: 145360 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Trafficking Cost-Benefit Analysis Human trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking

Author: Martin, Lauren Title: Mapping the Market for Sex with Trafficked Minor Girls in Minneapolis: Structures, Functions, and Patterns Summary: The trafficking of girls under age 18 into the sex trade (also known as domestic minor sex trafficking) has received increased attention from policy makers, law enforcement, service providers, advocates, and funders in Minnesota over the past several years. In July 2011, the Minnesota State Legislature passed Safe Harbor for Youth legislation, which had a sunrise clause for implementation by August 2014. The Minnesota Departments of Health and Public Safety worked with the State Human Trafficking Task Force to develop No Wrong Door, a plan for coordinated and comprehensive services for trafficking victims. Implementation has begun with the hiring of the Safe Harbor/No Wrong Door Director in the Minnesota Department of Health's Injury and Violence Prevention unit, and the selection of Regional Navigators responsible for ensuring that all victims receive appropriate assistance and trauma-centered services. No Wrong Door is a critical step for early intervention to reduce the harms of domestic minor sex trafficking on Minnesota youth. But, what is the larger system that exploits juveniles through sex trafficking? Who is involved? Where does it happen? And, how does it work? Empirical knowledge of the broader market forces through which youth are exploited is critical to providing a solid basis for Minnesota's efforts toward intervention and prevention of exploitation of youth in commercial sex and sex trafficking. We conducted this study to answer these questions. The project received funding from the Women's Foundation of Minnesota, internal University of Minnesota funding, and the support of a broad coalition of agencies and individuals. We began with the understanding that the sex trade is an industry, and as such, it operates on market principles. Like other markets, the market for sex with juveniles is structured by demand, supply, and a process through which the supply (or "product") is developed, managed, and delivered. Sex buyers (the "demand") enter the market with money and power. Pimps, traffickers, and others that assist them (transporters, watchers, enforcers, etc.) profit by linking sex buyers to juvenile victims (the "product") for sale. Because of the multiple roles involved in this activity, we refer to these individuals as facilitators. Facilitators recruit a "supply" of juveniles through systematic exploitation of specific needs and vulnerabilities of youth, sometimes described as "push/pull factors." This study sought to understand the "who, where, and how" aspects of market operations. Who are the people involved in the market (victims, facilitators, and sex buyers)? Where does the market happen? Where are victims recruited? Where do sexual transactions take place? What are the residential locations of facilitators, victims, and sex buyers? "Where" also includes categories of places where sex trafficking activities occur such as hotels, schools, private residences, clubs, etc. Most importantly, we wanted to understand how the market functions. How do the operational structures and mechanisms derive profit from the commercial sexual exploitation of juveniles? Our data collection and analysis produced a great deal of information, which we are continuing to review and analyze. This report provides an overview of our findings and it is a first step in sharing the rich and detailed information we have collected. We expect to produce additional reports and articles. Some of what we learned confirms what we already knew about sex trafficking, particularly characteristics of victims. However, our market framework yielded new insights about the forces behind commercial sexual exploitation of youth and domestic minor sex trafficking. Therefore, much of what we learned and describe in this report is new. Details: Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Urban Research Outreach/Engagement Center, 2014. 118p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2017 at: http://uroc.umn.edu/sites/default/files/Res_SexTraf_Report.compressed.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://uroc.umn.edu/sites/default/files/Res_SexTraf_Report.compressed.pdf Shelf Number: 145361 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Prostitution Sex Markets Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lepp, Annalee Title: 2010 Winter Games Analysis on Human Trafficking Summary: Between February and August 2010, GAATW Canada researchers conducted a qualitative research project, funded by Public Safety Canada, on possible increases in transnational and domestic human trafficking in British Columbia in connection with the 2010 Vancouver Olympic and Paralympic Games. Research involved examining available data on the link between trafficking in persons and previous mega sporting events, analyzing media, online, and public discussions that focused on human trafficking prior to and during the Olympic Games, and conducting telephone, in-person, and e-mail interviews with 61 key informants, federal and provincial representatives, enforcement personnel, members of non-governmental organizations, as well as legal and human rights advocates. In the process of investigating the main research question, the research team also considered the dynamics of pre-Olympic anti-trafficking discourses and campaigns, what trafficking in persons prevention measures were implemented by governmental, enforcement, and non-governmental sectors and the reported effectiveness of those strategies, as well as the key recommendations that emerged from interview participants. The interview data provided contrary evidence about whether or not there were indications that human trafficking had occurred prior to and during the 2010 Olympic Games. Nonetheless, without out ruling the possibility that human trafficking for the purposes of labour and sexual exploitation might have evaded detection with the risk of domestic trafficking into the commercial sex sector specifically mentioned, the vast majority of informants across stakeholder sectors suggested that they had no specific knowledge of or that there was no concrete and verifiable evidence of trafficking in persons for the purposes of sexual or labour exploitation linked to the 2010 Olympic Games. In addition, as of the end of August 2010, no trafficking in persons cases connected to the event had reached the level of investigation. There was also no strong evidence of a significant spike in male demand for paid sexual services during the Olympic Games. In the absence of evidence-based research, which has systematically assessed the fan base of or measured male demand for paid sexual services during mega sporting events, it is unclear whether this was a feature unique to what some interviewees described as a more "family-oriented" event like the Winter Olympics or mega sporting events more generally. Available data suggests, however, that during presumably less "family-centred" international sporting events like the 2006 and 2010 FIFA World Cups, the anticipated or forecasted level of demand did not materialize. The key recommendations that emerged from the interview data included the following: - Examine the histories of and the lessons learned from previous international sporting events as well as the policies and practices implemented by other host nations/regions. This would include an analysis of the anticipated fan base. - Engage in an early assessment of the risk of human trafficking in the host country/region/city using an evidence-based approach, and develop appropriate prevention strategies accordingly. Labour trafficking should receive equivalent attention to trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation, and prevention initiatives, including guiding principles for employers, should be initiated during the infrastructure and venue construction phase. - Establish mechanisms based on a consistent definitional methodology to track trafficking in persons information, data, and measurements, and conduct data collection prior, during, and after the event. - Strategic planning and implementation should include the development of a clearly defined human trafficking prevention plan with milestones and benchmarks, the fostering of partnerships, networks, coordination, and information sharing among relevant government agencies, enforcement bodies, and with NGOs, and the establishment of appropriate investigative protocols and referral mechanisms to monitor the situation on the ground and to respond to the support needs of trafficked persons. Key partnerships and consultations on strategic planning should also involve Indigenous, youth, sex worker, and migrant worker organizations/advocates as well as grassroots community-based groups. - In consultation with relevant NGOs and community-based partners, ensure that relevant and funded service strategies are in place to serve the needs of trafficked persons, as well as irregular migrant workers (including free and confidential legal advice and representation, interpreters, and translation). - Conduct targeted trafficking in persons awareness training of enforcement personnel (police officers, immigration and border officials), criminal justice officials, labour inspectors, first responders and NGO partners, as well as private sector employers and employees in such areas as construction, hospitality services, and transportation. This instruction should also include "sensitivity training" of all security and enforcement officers seconded to the event. Special attention should be paid to non-discriminatory treatment of foreign nationals at ports of entry and temporary foreign workers regardless of labour site, as well as to the rights, safety, and needs of marginalized, stigmatized, vulnerable, and diverse local populations whose lives and work might be negatively impacted by the influx of tourists, an enhanced security and enforcement apparatus in their communities, as well as by certain anti-trafficking interventions. - Devise and initiate a national or regional trafficking in persons public awareness campaign, with input from all relevant community stakeholders. Such a campaign should be accurate, evidence-based, and adhere to the principle of "do no harm." While the above recommendations are consistent with those found in assessments of other mega sporting events, two additional themes emerged from the interview data. The first focused on the important need to foster collaborative partnerships and consultations on strategic planning with communities with on-the-ground knowledge of trafficking in persons and those whose lives and work might be adversely affected by the enhanced security and enforcement presence and anti-trafficking interventions during international sporting events. In the context of the 2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver, the beginnings of such a model was evident and could be extended to include other grassroots, community-based representatives. The second theme concentrated on the critical necessity to adopt an evidence-based strategic approach and practice. Applicable to governmental, enforcement, and non-governmental agencies, this underlying principle would shape the planning and implementation of human trafficking prevention strategies, public awareness and media campaigns, as well as necessary assistance measures for trafficked persons should the need materialize. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2013. 85p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9,. 2017 at: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/wntr-gms-2010/wntr-gms-2010-eng.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/wntr-gms-2010/wntr-gms-2010-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 131176 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Olympics Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sporting Events

Author: MacDonald, Adrienne A. Title: The Conditions of Area Restrictions in Canadian Cities: Street Sex Work and Access to Public Space Summary: "Area restriction" is the umbrella term used for this thesis to consider geography-based, individually- assigned orders issued by criminal justice agents to remove and restrict targets from particular city spaces. This research focuses on 13 Canadian cities that use arrest-and-release area restriction strategies to managing street sex work(ers). Despite heavy criticism for their punitive nature, area restrictions have received little academic attention. This project takes an exploratory and descriptive approach to the issue in order to develop a platform for future research. Using qualitative, non-experimental methods it also critically analyzes the implementation, logic and reported impacts of the strategies while drawing implications for how area restrictions relate to citizenship statuses of sex workers by mapping exclusions onto the city. Multiple data sources were included but the most significant and compelling information comes from interviews with police officers and community agency workers. Findings suggest that area restriction strategies contribute to substantial social divides between sex workers and other community members, but also between sex workers and important services, resources and their community. At the same time, the strategy is reported as a "temporary relief" measure that is ineffective at lessening sex trade activity and often leads to displacement and dispersal of sex work(ers). However, collaborative efforts in some cities show promise for achieving goals of 'helping sex workers off the street.' Realistic recommendations for area restriction strategies are made that lead to more inclusive approaches that are considerate of needs and concerns of all interest groups linked to the "prostitution problem." Details: Ottawa: University of Ottawa, 2012. 319p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 10, 2017 at: http://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/23352 Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/23352 Shelf Number: 145395 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Public Space Sex Workers

Author: Simic, Olivera Title: Distinguishing between exploitative and non-exploitative sex involving UN peacekeepers: the wrongs of "zero tolerance" Summary: The links between the presence of peacekeepers and the sexual exploitation and abuse of women have been documented across peace support operations (PSOs). This expert analysis critically analyses the United Nations secretary general's Bulletin on Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, which was promulgated in 2003 to address the problem of sexual exploitation and abuse in the context of PSOs. The expert analysis is concerned with the broad definition of sexual exploitation provided by the bulletin, which includes most sexual relationships and prostitution. The expert analysis concludes that the bulletin�s definition of sexual exploitation is overinclusive in its "strong discouragement" of sexual relationships and prohibition of prostitution regardless of consent, age and fair remuneration. It argues that, as currently formulated, the bulletin undermines women's agency and sexual autonomy, and blurs important distinctions between consensual sex and sexual offences. The bulletin thus relies on and perpetuates negative gender stereotypes and imperial hierarchies and, consequently, encourages stigma and discrimination. It casts women as victims and peacekeepers as sexual predators who cannot treat women as equals. Details: Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre (NOREF), 2013. 4p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2017 at: Year: 2013 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 131708 Keywords: Peacekeepers Prostitution Sex Abuse Sexual Exploitation Sexual Violence Violence Against Women

Author: Polaris Project Title: Human Trafficking in Illicit Massage Businesses Summary: Illicit massage businesses (IMBs) that front for commercial sex operations have been ubiquitous in the American landscape for decades, with an estimate of more than 9,000 operating today. Commonly called "massage parlors," these businesses dot the sides of highways and are tucked into suburban strip malls between fast food restaurants and dollar stores and behind darkened windows in storefronts in some of America's biggest cities. While some keep a low profile, many others blatantly advertise "Asian gals," or bear sexualized names like "Good Girl Spa." Anyone looking to purchase commercial sex is just a few clicks away from any number of review sites that offer extremely detailed information about both the businesses themselves and the individual women exploited within them. The sheer number of fake massage businesses, coupled with the impunity with which they operate, has over time fostered widespread - if tacit - cultural acceptance of the industry. The frequent wink, wink, nudge, nudge references to "happy endings," in popular culture is just one manifestation of perception that while commercial sex is illegal, in this context, it is essentially harmless. That perception is wrong. There may be women who choose to sell sex either along with or under the guise of massage therapy, but evidence suggests that many of the thousands of women1 engaging in commercial sex in IMBs or "massage parlors" are victims of human trafficking. To those women, the term "happy ending," with its faint whiff of fairy tale, is cruelly ironic. Most of them are immigrants, chasing a dream of financial stability in a faraway land, seeking not a prince but a steady job with decent wages. So they answer an ad for a massage therapist and discover, too late, that "massage" is a euphemism and that they are expected to provide services for which they will be paid some portion of the tips they earn, if they are lucky, or less, if they are not. They live in substandard conditions, work illegal hours "on call," and many feel they have no choice but to comply with the mandate to perform sex acts. They are told they will be deported by immigration, or their families will be hurt; that they owe the owner money and that if they leave, police will arrest them for prostitution. Every story is a little different but they all share a common pattern that combines fraud, threats and lies with poverty, fear and the potential for violence. Details: Washington, DC: Polaris, 2018. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 18, 2018 at: https://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Full%20Report%20-%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20Illicit%20Massage%20Businesses.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Full%20Report%20-%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20Illicit%20Massage%20Businesses.pdf Shelf Number: 148859 Keywords: Human Trafficking Massage Parlors Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: White, Elise Title: Navigating Force and Choice: Experiences in the New York City Sex Trade and the Criminal Justice System's Response Summary: This study is a departure from the standard treatments of prostitution and sex trafficking, which tend to focus on discrete sub-populations or the specific experiences of a few subjects. In more than 300 in-depth interviews with adults involved in New York City's multifaceted sex trade-conducted by our team of researchers, many with their own experiences in the sex trade-participants described a murky and mutable continuum between involvement due to force and choice. Nearly half of participants met the federal definition for sex trafficking, the majority because they first traded sex before the age of 18. A similar number of participants reported having worked with or for a third party who connected them to customers, often characterizing these relationships as mutually beneficial. Most drew explicit connections between their involvement in the sex trade and poverty, housing instability, substance use, family trauma, or health issues. Rather than clear-cut cases of exclusively force or choice, this study finds that economic exigencies and systemic constraints are the primary drivers of adult involvement in New York City's sex trade. The study also examines a unique criminal justice response-New York City's Human Trafficking Intervention Courts-developed to mitigate some of the harm trafficking victims experience in the criminal justice system. Legal and social service practitioners praised the courts' responsiveness to defendants' high rates of trauma and their commitment to helping defendants avoid criminal records, largely through alternative social service mandates. Details: New York: Center for Court Innovation, 2017. 110p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2018 at: https://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2018-03/nyc_sex_trade.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2018-03/nyc_sex_trade.pdf Shelf Number: 149730 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Roe-Sepowitz, Dominique Title: A Six-year Analysis of Sex Traffickers of Minors: Exploring Characteristics and Sex Trafficking Patterns Summary: Introduction Sex trafficking is a pervasive national problem in the United States. Media reports indicate that sex trafficking occurs in both rural and urban areas with victims who are children and adults, of any gender, race, and sexual orientation. Sex trafficking, defined by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000, is the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, patronizing, or soliciting of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act. For persons over the age of 18, the TVPA (2000) requires the demonstration that force, fraud, or coercion was used by the sex trafficker(s) to be considered a sex trafficking victim. Persons under the age of 18 (minors) are not required to demonstrate force, fraud, or coercion related to the commercial sex act to be considered a victim of sex trafficking. Due to the covert nature of sex trafficking activities, creating reliable statistics on prevalence, frequency, geography, and particulars of sex trafficking have been difficult to develop (Clawson, Layne, & Small, 2006). Over the past decade, the Federal Bureau of Investigations has reported that they have assisted in the arrest of more than 2,000 human traffickers of both sex and labor trafficking (Human Trafficking/Involuntary Servitude, 2016) but sex trafficker-focused research primarily has relied on small convenience samples with limited ability to compare across time. This study uses a systematic search method to determine the incidence of arrests for sex trafficking of a minor in the United States from 2010 to 2015. Research and Methods This report uses data collected through a structured online search that produced a six-year picture of the arrests in the United States of the specific charge of sex traffickers of minors from 2010 to 2015. The findings from this report include individual and case details including characteristics of the sex traffickers (age, gender, race, professions, and gang involvement), details about how they recruited and victimized their minor victims, and information about their case resolution. A web-based information dashboard was developed to visualize the six-year data and to allow for visual comparisons by state and over time. Findings The research team identified 1,416 persons arrested for sex trafficking of a minor in the United States from 2010 to 2015. Details: Phoenix: University of Arizona, Office of Sex Trafficking Intervention Research, 2017. 53p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2018 at: https://socialwork.asu.edu/sites/default/files/ASU-Sex-Traffickers-of-Minors-Six-Year-Study-Full-Report-April-2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://socialwork.asu.edu/sites/default/files/ASU-Sex-Traffickers-of-Minors-Six-Year-Study-Full-Report-April-2017.pdf Shelf Number: 150150 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking

Author: New York City Department of Investigation Title: Illicit Activities at Hotels Used by the Department of Homeless Services To Provide Shelter to Homeless Families with Children Summary: In early 2017 the Department of Investigation (DOI) began examining the Department of Homeless Services' (DHS) commercial hotel procurement process in connection to a complaint of illicit activities occurring at the Bronx Days Inn, a commercial hotel used by DHS to house homeless families with children. DOI's inquiry subsequently extended to the Bronx Super 8 Hotel because it is operated by the same entity as the Bronx Days Inn and is also used by DHS to house homeless families with children. During the period examined, DOI found homeless families with children to have shared the same hotel facilities as prostitution enterprises at the Bronx Days Inn and at the Bronx Super 8 Hotel. Such proximity to criminal enterprises introduces risks to an already vulnerable population, including violence associated with prostitution enterprises, and the recruitment of DHS clients into the same criminal enterprises. In the course of the investigation, DOI also examined and found that DHS did not consider criminal activity or other indicators of possible criminality at prospective hotels prior to placing families with children at the hotels. DOI recognizes that the temporary use of commercial hotel rooms is integral to DHS' strategy to end cluster sites1 and increase the number of contracted shelters, but DHS must develop and use indicators of potential criminality in its placement decisions to ensure families with children are housed safely. DOI recommends DHS enhance its hotel selection process to identify those prospective hotels that may harbor illegal and dangerous activities and implement a strategy to mitigate the risks associated with illegal and dangerous activities, including having DHS clients occupy the entire hotel when possible to lower the risk of exposure to illegal and dangerous activities, as has been done in the case of the two Bronx hotels. DHS has reviewed and accepted DOI's specific recommendations, set forth at the end of this Report. DOI notes DHS' ongoing cooperation in this matter and believes that these steps by DHS, when implemented, will significantly reduce the risks noted in this Report. As with all accepted agency recommendations, DOI will conduct a follow-up review of implementation. Details: New York: The Department, 2018. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 11, 2018 at: http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doi/reports/pdf/2018/Jan/01CommercialHotels010418wrpt_UL.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doi/reports/pdf/2018/Jan/01CommercialHotels010418wrpt_UL.pdf Shelf Number: 150161 Keywords: Homeless Persons Hotel Security Hotels and Crime Illicit Activities Prostitution

Author: Fernandez, Fabian Luis Title: Hands Up: A Systematized Review of Policing Sex Workers in the U.S. Summary: This work lays the foundation for a study of criminalization and its effects on the health of street-based sex workers in the U.S. seeking to: 1) conduct a systematized review of sources from across the country settling on seventeen that describe experiences of harassment, false arrests, theft, physical abuse, sexual assault, HIV criminalization, survival tactics, reporting practices, and positive relations with law enforcement and 2.) compare the U.S. literature to international research, reflecting on the ways that public health researchers remain complicit in sustaining these harmful institutions by failing to consider diversity, the criminalized context of sex work, the links between policing and health, and the importance of collaboration. Through a radical framework of health and human rights I propose centering the experiences of street-based sex workers in a moment when the U.S. is renegotiating its relationship with law enforcement. Details: New Haven, CT: Yale University, 2016. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Public Health Thesis: Accessed july 30, 2018 at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=ysphtdl Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=ysphtdl Shelf Number: 150969 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Chan, Jason Title: The Digital Sin City: An Empirical Study of Craigslist's Impact on Prostitution Trends Summary: The Internet facilitates information flow between sex workers and buyers, making it easier to set up paid sexual transactions online. Despite the illegality of selling sexual services online, Section 230 of Communications Decency Act shields websites from liability for unlawful postings by third parties. Consequently, websites such as Craigslist have become a haven for prostitution-related ads. With prostitution-related sites still in operation, it is imperative to understand the link between these sites and prostitution trends. Specifically, in this paper, we quantify the economic impact of Craigslist�s entry on prostitution incidence, and identify potential pathways in which the website affects the sex industry. Using a national panel data set for 1,796 U.S. counties from 1999 to 2008, our analyses suggest that entry of Craigslist to a county leads to a 17.58 percent increase in prostitution cases. In addition, the analyses reveal that a majority of prostitution activity on Craigslist are induced by organized vice groups, in addition to voluntary participation by smaller set of independent providers. Further, we find site entry has a stronger impact in counties with a past history of prostitution and produces spillover effects in neighboring locations that are not directly served by Craigslist. Sex workers providing niche sexual services are found to increase with site entry. In addition, we learn that site entry leads to an increase in transactions of existing workers and also attracts new workers to the market. We find that the increase in prostitution arrests does not catch up with the growth in prostitution trends brought in by Craigslist. Finally, we find complementarity effects between erotic and casual sex ads in leading to the increase of prostitution. Our results contribute broadly to the emerging literature on the societal challenges associated with online intermediaries and Internet penetration, and serve to provide guidelines for policy makers in regulating the sex industry in the Internet era. Details: Information System's Research, 2017. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 24, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3057722 Year: 2017 Country: International URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3057722 Shelf Number: 152865 Keywords: Online Crime Online Platforms Prostitution

Author: Yale Law School, Global Health Justice Partnership Title: Diversion from Justice; A Rights-Based Analysis of Local Summary: The past decade has seen a national rise in the promotion and establishment of "diversion" programs as alternatives to traditional criminal justice system pathways and processes. While the landscape of diversionary programming is rapidly evolving and dramatically varied, most programs are united by a rhetorical aim to move individuals who commit lower-level offenses away from incarceration and re-penalization and towards "rehabilitative" services. Most recently, this "divert and rehabilitate" logic has been applied to prostitution-related criminal charges, leading to the proliferation of what we aggregately refer to in this Working Paper as "prostitution diversion programs," or PDPs. While progressive at face value, PDPs lack the evidence base and public accountability mechanisms to support their claims of doing good in the lives of people selling sex. In many cases, PDPs simultaneously position the sellers of sex as "victims," but in fact embed their treatment in the criminal justice systems, thus seamlessly collapsing of all sex work into a sorely misguided trafficking frame while retaining coercive control of people in the sex sector. At the same time, the PDP approach avoids the harder and more important inquiries into why buying and selling sex ought to be criminal at all (absent other crimes), and why and if courts are appropriate bodies for assessing service needs and compelling therapeutic treatments. Diversion from Justice: A Rights-Based Analysis of Local "Prostitution Diversion Programs" and their Impacts on People in the Sex Sector in the United States, by the Global Health Justice Partnership of the Yale Law School and School of Public Health, in cooperation with the Sex Workers Project of the Urban Justice Center-NYC, takes as its starting point a skepticism of criminal justice system involvement in the management and provision of social services, particularly when the communities forced into its gates � in this case, those engaged in the sex sector or presumed to be - are deeply marginalized and disempowered by the same state touting its beneficence. Our distrust is also linked to an overarching concern that the criminal law has shown little evidence of positive impact in the lives of sex workers, and that genuine progress in criminal justice reform is not possible without the complete decriminalization of sex work and associated activities. Prostitution diversion programs present numerous challenges, both for sex workers stuck in the web of the criminal justice system and for researchers seeking to understand their implications in a systematic way. This Working Paper represents one of the most thorough attempts to date to make an account of the hyper-local, opaque, and poorly understood national trend toward prostitution diversion through building a provisional taxonomy for categorization as well as a justice-informed framework for evaluation. The report is structured as follows: - The Introduction (Section I) to this Working Paper situates PDPs in their broader political and social contexts, briefly outlining their historical evolution and beginning to trouble the ideological foundations upon which contemporary programs are laid. The Introduction makes clear the need for the present report: while the number of PDPs - and therefore the reach of the criminal justice system - continues to expand, there is an alarming dearth of information on their actual impacts on the health, rights, and dignity of defendant/participants. - Section II of the report assembles a national mapping and taxonomic scheme of PDPs operating at the time of primary research in 2016, systematically categorizing the different practices, frameworks, and structures that comprise municipal PDPs across the U.S. This section sequentially lays out how PDPs operate on a logistical level, from program development and entry, to participation and service requirements, to exit processes. This cataloging of programmatic elements throws into sharp relief the ways in which the term "PDP" masks what is actually an enormous diversity of very local, jurisdiction-driven processes that share little overlap in their operations. The lack of standardization and highly context-specific arrangements make these programs difficult to monitor, and therefore difficult to hold accountable with regards to potential injustices or harms to rights - or even to their own stated goals. - Section III of the report proposes a rubric by which PDPs can be evaluated against their own goals, as well as against basic tenants of social justice that most purport to uphold. Our analytical review of PDPs and criminal legal provision of social services reveals that these programs often fail to uphold the human rights and dignity of defendant/participants given their intrinsically coercive design and implementation; that they do not consistently provide available, accessible, acceptable, and quality health and social services to sex workers, nor do they have the intentions and resources to meet the structural needs of sex workers; that they adjudicate in ad hoc and unreviewable ways that further entrench sex workers in court and criminal justice systems; and that they are not implemented in ways that are transparent, sustainable, and accountable to those most affected. To highlight some of the most egregious examples, we encountered programs that sought to monitor and control personal relationships, both intimate and familial, of defendant/participants; one where defendant/participants were required to perform unpaid labor (sell beer in sports stadiums) in exchange for the social service (in this case, housing); and another in which the PDP-affiliated service organization disguised their fundamentalist and religiously-charged rescue model in rhetoric of "freeing" women, but the materials make clear that freedom is defined by the organization's understanding of the life God wanted for them. - Finally, Section IV of the report offers concluding remarks and a set of recommendations for PDP reform, emphasizing the need for sustained research into localized practices, as well as internal reviews of each program with an eye towards radically minimizing the scope of criminal justice involvement. While the major inconsistencies across PDPs in the U.S. muddies any attempt at evaluating PDPs as a family of interventions, their shared positioning (as structural alternatives) within the criminal justice system triggers alarms regarding court overreach and compromised rights and well-being of sex workers, underscoring the need to shift power towards community-based and - led systems of accessing services. This Working Paper, with its national scoping and analysis, should be read in conjunction with another similarly framed GHJP/SWP report entitled Un-Meetable Promises: Rhetoric and Reality in New York City's Human Trafficking Intervention Courts, on the prostitution "diversion" courts in New York City known as "Human Trafficking Intervention Courts" (HTICs). Many of the analyses and concerns raised in the national survey are echoed and expanded in our analysis of practices in a single city setting. This complementary report can be found on the Yale GHJP website at: https://law.yale.edu/ghjp Details: New Haven, CT: Yale Law School and Yale School of Public Health, 2018. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper: Accessed November 27, 2018 at: https://law.yale.edu/system/files/area/center/ghjp/documents/diversion_from_justice_pdp_report_ghjp_2018rev.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://law.yale.edu/system/files/area/center/ghjp/documents/diversion_from_justice_pdp_report_ghjp_2018rev.pdf Shelf Number: 153848 Keywords: Diversion Programs Prostitutes Prostitution Prostitution Diversion Programs Sex Workers

Author: National Commission on Domestic and Sexual Violence and Multiple Disadvantage Title: Breaking Down the Barriers: Findings of The National Commission on Domestic and Sexual Violence and Multiple Disadvantage Summary: Recent work on multiple disadvantage has focused on a set of common issues: homelessness, offending and substance use. As a result, work on multiple disadvantage has predominantly focused on men who are identified as having higher rates of these three issues. When the definition of multiple disadvantage is changed to incorporate the impact of violence against women and girls, however, a different balance emerges. One in every 20 women have experienced extensive physical or sexual violence and abuse across their life course, compared to one in every 100 men. This equates to 1.2 million women in England alone. These women face very high rates of problems like mental ill-health, addiction, homelessness and poverty. More than half have a common mental health condition, one in five have been homeless and one in three have an alcohol problem. Gendered violence also mediates the pathway to women's criminalisation, as most women in contact with the criminal justice system have faced domestic or sexual violence. Furthermore, this is also reflected in the experiences of many women involved in prostitution. Recent work on multiple disadvantage has focused on a set of common issues: homelessness, offending and substance use. As a result, work on multiple disadvantage has predominantly focused on men who are identified as having higher rates of these three issues. When the definition of multiple disadvantage is changed to incorporate the impact of violence against women and girls, however, a different balance emerges. One in every 20 women have experienced extensive physical or sexual violence and abuse across their life course, compared to one in every 100 men. This equates to 1.2 million women in England alone. These women face very high rates of problems like mental ill-health, addiction, homelessness and poverty. More than half have a common mental health condition, one in five have been homeless and one in three have an alcohol problem. Gendered violence also mediates the pathway to women's criminalisation, as most women in contact with the criminal justice system have faced domestic or sexual violence. Furthermore, this is also reflected in the experiences of many women involved in prostitution. Details: London: Agenda; AVA; Lloyds Bank Foundation, 2019. 145p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2019 at: https://weareagenda.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Breaking-down-the-Barriers-full-report-FINAL.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://weareagenda.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Breaking-down-the-Barriers-full-report-FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 154774 Keywords: Domestic Violence Gender-Based Violence Homelessness Prostitution Sexual Violence Substance Abuse Violence Against Women and Girls

Author: Currier, Alyssa Title: 2018 Federal Human Trafficking Report Summary: Holding human traffickers accountable through criminal investigations and prosecutions, as well as civil lawsuits, is a crucial element of an effective, victim-centered approach to combating human trafficking. Human traffickers are economically motivated, compelling people to work or to engage in commercial sex for the trafficker's own profit. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 criminalizes this form of exploitation at the federal level and has provided increasingly more protection for victims over time. The TVPA provides, inter alia, mandatory victim restitution and the option for victims to sue their traffickers civilly. In 2017, the Human Trafficking Institute ("Institute") published the first Federal Human Trafficking Report, an exhaustive review of federal efforts to hold traffickers accountable for their exploitative conduct. The 2018 Federal Human Trafficking Report ("Report") is a continuation of the Institute's efforts to provide comprehensive data about every criminal and civil human trafficking case that federal courts handle each year. The Report's findings are not a prevalence estimate of human trafficking within the United States, but instead, serve as an objective summary of how the federal court system is used to combat human trafficking. In 2018, there were a total of 771 active human trafficking cases in federal courts across the United States. The majority (88.2%) of the active human trafficking cases were criminal prosecutions. The remaining 11.8% of the active human trafficking cases were civil suits. Criminal Cases -- In 2018, the government initiated 171 criminal human trafficking cases in federal courts. Ninety-five percent of the initiated cases were sex trafficking cases, and 4.7% were labor trafficking cases. This represents a 29% decrease in the number of initiated cases from the 241 new criminal cases in 2017. Since the TVPA was enacted in 2000, the number of human trafficking cases prosecuted has increased dramatically. In 2000, the federal government initiated four human trafficking cases. In 2007, the year the Justice Department formed the Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit, initiated federal prosecutions jumped to 55 new cases. Although the number of sex trafficking prosecutions charged by the federal government each year has greatly increased since the enactment of the TVPA, the number of new labor trafficking cases has remained relatively stagnant. Case Type -- Over half (51.6%) of the criminal human trafficking cases active in 2018 were sex trafficking cases involving only child victims. The remaining 48.4% of the criminal cases were sex trafficking cases involving only adult victims (16.3%), sex trafficking cases involving adult and child victims (16.2%), sex trafficking sting cases without identified victims (8.4%), sex trafficking cases where the age of the victim was undisclosed (2.4%), and labor trafficking cases (5.1%). Business Models -- Criminal defendants used the internet to solicit buyers of commercial sex in 87.7% of the sex trafficking cases active in 2018. Of these cases, public sources identified Backpage as a platform used to solicit buyers in 300 cases. The number of cases involving Backpage dropped 18.3% from 2017, following the shutdown of Backpage in April 2018. Only 5.3% of the sex trafficking cases active in 2018 involved commercial sex being marketed on a street or track known for prostitution. This is a slight decline from the 6.6% of sex trafficking cases that involved street-based commercial sex in 2017. In 2018, labor trafficking defendants most commonly compelled victims to work as domestic servants. Of the labor trafficking cases active in 2018, 38.7% involved domestic work, where victims were forced to provide house cleaning, childcare, and other household tasks. The other top industries where defendants commonly compelled victims to work included food services or restaurant labor (19.4%), farming or agricultural labor (12.9%), and construction labor (12.9%). These were the same top four business models as in 2017. Methods of Coercion -- Traffickers frequently use a combination of coercive tactics to compel a victim to provide sex or labor. In 2018, evidence in over half (56.2%) of the sex trafficking cases indicated that a defendant used physical violence to force a victim to engage in commercial sex.iii In addition to violent methods of coercion, traffickers commonly rely upon more subtle forms of coercion to control their victims. Of the sex trafficking cases active in 2018, 42.6% involved a defendant threatening to use violence against a victim, 25.4% involved a defendant verbally or emotionally abusing a victim, and 23.3% involved a defendant placing a victim in physical isolation in order to coerce the victim to engage in commercial sex. Defendants in over one-third (36.2%) of the active sex trafficking cases allegedly induced a substance addiction, or exploited an existing addiction, as a method to control a victim. The most common methods of coercion used by defendants in labor trafficking cases active in 2018 were the withholding of pay (60%) and threats of physical abuse (60%). In 57.1% of the cases, defendants used physical violence to coerce a victim to work or provide services. Non-physical methods of coercion targeting migrant populations appeared in public sources more frequently in labor trafficking cases than sex trafficking cases. For example, 51.4% of labor trafficking cases included evidence that a defendant threatened a victim would be deported if he or she did not comply with the defendant's demands. In comparison, only 2.6% of sex trafficking cases mentioned a defendant's threat of deportation as a method of coercion. .... Details: Merrifield, VA: Human Trafficking Institute, 2019. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2019 at: https://www.traffickingmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2018-Federal-Human-Trafficking-Report-Low-Res.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.traffickingmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2018-Federal-Human-Trafficking-Report-Low-Res.pdf Shelf Number: 155619 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Nicholson, Kristina C. Title: Human Trafficking and Related Offenses: Examining Trends using Data from the Ohio Incident-Based Reporting System Summary: Since implementation of House Bill 262 in 2012 (i.e. revision of Ohio law on trafficking in persons) stakeholder response to human trafficking has included mandated training for law enforcement officers on indicators, legislation and best practices for investigation on human trafficking. This training reviews two types of trafficking (i.e. sex and labor trafficking), but also discusses the connection of human trafficking to prostitution and related offenses such as solicitation. The current project examined law enforcement data from the Ohio Incident-Based Reporting system, including offenses such as human trafficking as well as prostitution-related offenses from 2012 to 2016. Key findings included that while human trafficking offenses were reported significantly less compared to other examined crimes; crimes such as solicitation have decreased significantly since 2012. This report summarizes these findings and discusses the implications and recommendations for future research on human trafficking and related offenses using data from the Ohio Incident-Based Reporting System. Details: Columbus: Ohio Department of Public Safety, Office of Criminal Justice Services, 2019. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 15, 2019 at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/odx-odps-content/links/Human_Trafficking_and_Related_Offenses.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://s3.amazonaws.com/odx-odps-content/links/Human_Trafficking_and_Related_Offenses.pdf Shelf Number: 155847 Keywords: Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Maguire, Edward Title: Baseline Assessment for Project Lantern Summary: This report presents the findings from a study conducted in October 2006 to examine sexual trafficking in minors in Cebu, Philippines. The study was conducted by Crime and Justice Analysts, Inc. (CJA), an independent research and evaluation firm specializing in criminology and criminal justice. The International Justice Mission (IJM) retained CJA to support its work in reducing the number of sex trafficking victims by conducting a formal, scientific study collecting quantitative data that will help measure the impact of a new initiative, Project Lantern. The project is designed to reduce the incidence of sex trafficking in the target area by strengthening local capacity to successfully locate, arrest, and prosecute perpetrators, thereby leading to increased expectations of criminal sanctions for violating trafficking laws. The baseline study described here is the first of three waves of data collection designed to measure the availability of sex-trafficking victims in Cebu. Together, these three waves will be used by IJM and its contractors to evaluate the effectiveness of Project Lantern. IJM provided CJA with a list of eight indicators or proxies intended to measure the availability of child sex trafficking victims. CJA then deployed a team of 10 people (including eight investigators, one data collection expert, and one security expert) to the Philippines for training and data collection. The eight investigators each spent seven (and in some cases eight) nights visiting bars, brothels, massage parlors, malls, a red light district, and other locations where people seeking sex go to find prostituted or commercially exploited women and girls. The eight investigators posed as sex tourists and sought out prostituted or commercially exploited minors. They engaged in training on age estimation and used a number of age-confirmation processes to determine whether someone was in fact a minor. While conducting their covert observations, the investigators systematically collected data on a number of variables having to do with the people they were meeting and the places they were visiting. As they gathered the necessary data, they submitted it regularly to a centralized command center using cellular telephones (either by voice or by text). The data were entered into a series of databases by a data coordinator at the command center. Those databases, as well as the qualitative field notes written by the investigators at the end of their shifts, constitute the primary data sources for the findings presented in this report. During the course of the study, the investigators made 84 visits to bars, 12 visits to brothels, 19 visits to massage parlors, 16 visits (walk-throughs) to malls, and four visits to a busy red-light district. Out of the 94 bars, brothels, and massage parlors visited by the investigators (some were visited multiple times), commercially exploited minors were located in 35. Altogether, the investigators observed approximately 1,550 prostituted or commercially exploited women and girls. Of these, 103 (6.6%) were confirmed as minors. Across all attempts to locate minors, it took our investigative teams, on average, 113 minutes to locate a minor. The report presents a more detailed look at the study's findings. The results of the baseline study confirm the presence of prostituted or commercially exploited minors in Cebu. Although our investigators routinely encountered token resistance to their efforts to find minors, the fact that they were able to find them so quickly and so easily suggests that there are many to be found. The investigators were unable, despite their best efforts, to locate prostituted or commercially exploited preteens; most of the minors we discovered were 16 or 17 years old. Our findings also suggest that minors come to be employed in the sex trade through different routes, although all of them are considered "trafficking victims" under Philippine law. Some appear to seek the work out of economic necessity; several minors told us they forged their paperwork to get the job. Others fit the more conventional image of a sex trafficking victim in the sense that they were taken involuntarily from their homes, they are moved around to work in different cities depending on customer demand, and they show visible signs of maltreatment and poor living conditions. Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the extent to which criminological interventions like Project Lantern have been subjected to independent, external evaluation to assess their effectiveness. The new emphasis on evaluation research is part of a larger movement in several disciplines toward "evidence-based" policymaking. We applaud IJM and the Gates Foundation for their willingness to evaluate the effectiveness of Project Lantern. The result will be an increased understanding of sexual trafficking in minors and hopefully an enhanced capacity to implement effective solutions. Details: Fairfax, VA: Crime and Justice Analysts, 2007. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 21, 2019 at: Rutgers Criminal Justice Library. Year: 2007 Country: Philippines URL: http://www.edmaguire.net/Reports Shelf Number: 155953 Keywords: Brothels Child Sex Trafficking Commercially Exploited Minors Human Trafficking Prostitution Red Light District Sex Tourists Sex Trafficking

Author: Maguire, Edward Title: Wave 3 Assessment for Project Lantern Summary: This report presents the findings from a study conducted in May 2010 to examine sexual trafficking of minors in Cebu, Philippines. The study was conducted by Crime and Justice Analysts, Inc. (CJA), an independent research and evaluation firm specializing in crime and criminal justice issues. International Justice Mission (IJM) retained CJA to support its work in reducing the number of child sex trafficking victims by conducting a formal, scientific study collecting quantitative data to help measure the impact of its Project Lantern initiative. The project is designed to reduce the incidence of child sex trafficking in the target area by strengthening local capacity to successfully locate, arrest, and prosecute perpetrators, thereby leading to increased expectations of criminal sanctions for violating trafficking laws. The wave 3 study described in this report is the final of three waves of data collection designed to measure the availability of child sex-trafficking victims in Cebu. Wave 1 of this study was conducted in October of 2006 and wave 2 was conducted in August 2008. We also present findings here comparing data across the three waves of data collection. Together these three waves of data will be used by IJM and its contractors to evaluate the effectiveness of Project Lantern. IJM provided CJA with a list of eight indicators or proxies intended to measure the availability of child sex trafficking victims. During wave 3, CJA deployed a team of 11 people (including eight investigators, two data collection staff, and one security director) to the Philippines for training and data collection. The eight investigators each spent seven nights visiting bars, brothels, massage parlors, malls, red light districts, and other locations where people seeking sex go to find prostituted or commercially exploited women and girls. The eight investigators engaged in training on age estimation and used a number of age-confirmation processes to determine whether someone was in fact a minor. They then posed as sex tourists and sought out prostituted or commercially exploited minors. While conducting their covert observations, the investigators systematically collected data on a number of variables having to do with the people they were meeting and the places they were visiting. As they gathered the necessary data, they submitted it regularly to a centralized command center using cellular telephones (either by voice or text). The data were entered into a master database by two data coordinators at the command center. This database, the qualitative field notes written by the investigators at the end of their shifts, and photographs and audio/visual footage taken of suspected and confirmed minors, constitute the primary data sources for the findings presented in this report. During the course of the wave 3 study, the investigators undertook 114 visits to bars, 7 visits to brothels, 8 visits to massage parlors, 12 visits to malls, 13 street encounters, 8 pimp encounters, and 6 dates. Out of the 68 bars, 5 brothels, and 8 massage parlors visited by the investigators (some were visited multiple times), commercially exploited minors were located in 10. Altogether, the investigators observed approximately 1,369 prostituted or commercially exploited women and girls. Of these, 21 (1.5%) were confirmed as minors. Across all attempts to locate minors, it took our investigative teams, on average, 7 hours and 29 minutes to locate a minor. This report presents detailed findings from wave 3, while also providing an overview of findings from all waves of the study. Results from the wave 1 and 2 studies confirmed the presence of prostituted or commercially exploited minors in Cebu. Wave 3 also confirmed the presence of prostituted or commercially exploited minors in Cebu, though in reduced numbers: 21 (1.5%) in wave 3 compared to 29 (2.2%) in wave 2, and 103 (6.6%) in wave 1. Our investigators routinely encountered token resistance to their efforts to find minors in wave 1. It took longer for our investigators to locate minors during wave 2. During wave 3, investigators found locating minors to be even more difficult than in the two previous waves, suggesting that the prevalence of minors in the sex trade has decreased over time. As in waves 1 and 2, the investigators were unable, despite their best efforts, to locate prostituted or commercially exploited preteens. The majority of minors discovered across all three waves of this study were 16 or 17 years old. Based on our interviews with minors, we know that many enter the sex trade through different routes, although all of them are considered "trafficking victims" under Philippine law. Some appear to seek out the work out of economic necessity; several minors told us they forged their paperwork to get the job. Others fit the more conventional image of a sex trafficking victim in the sense that they were taken involuntarily from their homes, they are moved around to work in different cities depending on customer demand, and they show visible signs of maltreatment and poor living conditions. Over the past decade there has been an increase in the extent to which criminological interventions like Project Lantern have been subjected to independent, external evaluation to assess their effectiveness. The new emphasis on evaluation research is part of a larger movement in several disciplines toward "evidence-based" policymaking. We applaud IJM and the Gates Foundation for their willingness to evaluate the effectiveness of Project Lantern. This investment in quantitative research is sorely needed to shed light on human trafficking, a topic about which much has been written but little is known. Even relatively straightforward questions like whether prosecuting traffickers will reduce trafficking have still not been settled. For instance, one commentator noted "there is little evidence that prosecutions have any significant impact on aggregate levels of trafficking." The culmination of the Project Lantern evaluation will help improve knowledge about sexual trafficking in minors, and contribute to an enhanced capacity to implement effective solutions. Details: Fairfax, VA: Crime and Justice Analysts, 2010. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 21, 2019 at: Rutgers Criminal Justice Library. Year: 2010 Country: Philippines URL: http://www.edmaguire.net/Reports Shelf Number: 155954 Keywords: Brothels Child Sex Trafficking Commercially Exploited Minors Human Trafficking Philippines Prostitution Red Light District Sex Tourists Sex Trafficking

Author: Global Network of Sex Work Projects Title: Migrant Sex Workers Summary: This Briefing Paper explores the human rights barriers encountered by migrant sex workers as a result of their type of labour. It highlights their lack of access to services, as well as the increased precariousness and exclusion they face due to legal restrictions on cross-border movement and work in the sex industry. This paper also places migrant sex work in the context of international labour migration, using consultation responses from NSWP member organisations. Details: Edinburgh, Scotland: Global Network of Sex Work Projects, 2018. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 18, 2019 at: https://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/briefing_paper_migrant_sex_workers_nswp_-_2017.pdf Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/briefing_paper_migrant_sex_workers_nswp_-_2017.pdf Shelf Number: 156519 Keywords: Migrants Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers

Author: Degenhardt, Tamara Title: Veranderungen und Auswirkungen durch das ProstSchG auf die Prostitutionsszene in NRW (Changes and effects through the ProstSchG on the prostitution scene in NRW) Summary: For many thousands of years, people have been offering sexual services for a fee, which is why this activity is often colloquially referred to as the oldest profession in the industry World is called. The perception and evaluation of sex work is subject since ever social norms and moral concepts and thus also the cultural Change. Recognition of sex work has undergone constant change throughout the history of prostitution. In today's society, sex workers are stigmatized and abusive in this area of ​​activity Structures, whereby the field of work sex work takes place in large parts in the dark field. The idea is to make the scene of sex work more visible and to create universally valid structures that protect the sex workers in their work and to support, entered the prostitution protection law in Germany on 01.07.2017 Force. In North Rhine-Westphalia, the primary responsibility for the implementation lies of the law at the current Ministry of Homeland, Communal, Construction and Equality. With the regulation to perform tasks under the law for Protection of persons working in prostitution (implementing ordinance Prostitute Protection Act North Rhine-Westphalia - DVO ProstSchG NRW) of 4 April 2017 to transfer the implementation to the districts and independent cities as district authority. Excluded here is statute 10 ProstSchG, which deals with the health advice. These tasks were assigned to the lower health authorities of the Transferring districts and cities. The district administration authorities and the lower ones Health authorities and their tasks are subject to the supervision of the competent district government. Supreme regulators are the Ministry of Home Affairs, Municipalities, Construction and Equality for the registration process, the Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare for health advice and the Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Digitization and Energy for the commercial sector of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Persons who had been prostituting before 1 July 2017 had to register for the first time until 31 December 2017. Persons who had a prostitution business before 1 July 2017 had to notify the competent authority by 1 October 2017 and apply for To submit a permit by 31 December 2017. Advice centers, associations and associations suspected that the law enacted or the resulting interference in the everyday world of scene members would result in far-reaching changes in this environment. The reviews were moving in a spectrum of extremely negative fears, the sex workers Laws could be profoundly stigmatized, even glorifying Views, through the Legislative Decree and the associated regulation prevented any abuse. In this context, the counseling center KOBER was sponsored by the Sozialdienstes katholischer Frauen e. V. Ortsverein Dortmund (hereinafter referred to as SkF) by the Ministry of Homeland, Communal, Construction and Equal Opportunity (hereinafter referred to as MHKBG) The state of North Rhine-Westphalia asked to observe the changes of the scene for one year. On the basis of these observations, the present report was prepared, which provides insights into the changes in the prostitution scene in the reporting year 2018. As a method to systematically record the corresponding impressions from the everyday world of sex workers, participatory observations and observational ones were made Participation based on a life-world-analytical ethnography applied (cf. Honer 1993). The corresponding data were subsequently analyzed using the content analysis after P. Mayring (see Mayring 2007) analyzed and prepared. The procedure used is outlined in Chapter 2. This is followed in Chapter 3 by the description of the target group of the sex workers' scene. Specifically, various forms of employment are presented here and an insight into the lifeworld of sex workers as well as the basic structures of the sex workers Scene given. The following is a detailed presentation of the findings, with both the qualitative and the also the quantitative results are listed. It could be shown that the introduction of the ProstSchG shows both positive and negative changes in the scene. This report concludes with a summary assessment of the results as well as a look into the future. Details: Dusseldorf, Germany: Ministerium fur Heimat, Kommunales, Bau and Gleichstellung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, 2019. 64p. Source: Internet Resource (in German): Accessed August 12, 2019 at: https://www.landtag.nrw.de/Dokumentenservice/portal/WWW/dokumentenarchiv/Dokument/MMV17-2008.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Germany URL: https://www.landtag.nrw.de/portal/WWW/Webmaster/GB_I/I.1/aktuelle_drucksachen/aktuelle_Dokumente.jsp?m=301&wp=17&docTyp=V&datumsart=he&von=12.08.2019&bis=&searchDru=suchen Shelf Number: 156964 Keywords: Prostitution Sex Work Sex Worker Sexual Services

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia Title: India Country Report: To Prevent and Combat Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Women Summary: Traffi cking of human beings, especially of women and children, is an organized crime that violates basic human rights. As per the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traffi cking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, traffi cking is defi ned as any activity leading to recruitment, transportation, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or a position of vulnerability. Traffi cking as a crime has seen an increasing trend especially in the last two decades globally. Human traffi cking has been identifi ed as the third largest source of profi t for organized crime, following arms and drug traffi cking, generating billions of dollars annually at the global level. Traffi cking takes places for various purposes such as labour, prostitution, organ trade, drug couriers, arms smuggling etc. However, these cannot be seen in isolation as they have a crosscutting nexus and linkage, which compounds the constraints faced in tackling the problem. It is also seen that while the methods used for traffi cking such as coercion, duping, luring, abducting, kidnapping etc. are commonly cited, it is the social and economic constraints of the victims that make them most vulnerable. With growing globalization and liberalization, the possibilities and potential for traffi cking have also grown. People tend to migrate in search of better opportunities. Though this is a positive trend, it has also led to the emergence of other complex issues such as smuggling of people across borders and unsafe migration by unscrupulous touts and agents. While trafficking has severe implications on the psycho-social and economic well-being of the victim, highly adverse ramifications are also seen on the society and the nation. By denying the victims their basic rights to good health, nutrition, education and economic independence, the country loses a large number of women and children as victims to this crime, who otherwise would have contributed productively to its growth. A growing concern is that trafficking has an adverse impact on the problem of HIV/AIDS too. Some studies have revealed that the longer the confinement in brothels, the greater is the probability of the victims contracting HIV/AIDS due to poor negotiation for safe sex methods. The country has to incur huge costs for health and rehabilitation as well as for law enforcement. Trafficking - Situation in India India is a Republic comprising 28 States and seven Union Territories, and has a population of more that one billion. The Constitution of India envisages a parliamentary form of government and is federal in nature, with unitary features. The States of India vary greatly in terms of language, culture, religion and tradition. Over the years, India has emerged as a source, destination, and transit country for traffi cking for varied purposes such as for commercial sexual exploitation and labour. While intra-country traffi cking forms the bulk of the traffi cked victims, cross-border traffi cking also takes place, especially from Nepal and Bangladesh. Women and children are also traffi cked to the Middle Eastern countries and other parts of the world for purposes of cheap labour and commercial sexual exploitation. The number of traffi cked persons is diffi cult to determine due to the secrecy and clandestine nature of the crime. However, studies and surveys sponsored by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) estimates that there are about three million prostitutes in the country, of which an estimated 40 percent are children, as there is a growing demand for very young girls to be inducted into prostitution on account of customer preferences. A few alarming trends that have emerged in recent years are sexual exploitation through sex tourism, child sex tourism, paedophilia, prostitution in pilgrim towns and other tourist destinations, cross-border traffi cking (especially from Nepal and Bangladesh) etc. Substantial efforts have been made in the last decade or so in the area of Anti-Human Traffi cking by government institutions/state machinery, the civil society organizations, the judiciary and the law enforcement authorities. The purpose of this India Country Report is multi-pronged: Primarily, it documents the journey traversed by India in addressing the issues of traffi cking in women and children from World Congress II (WCII - Yokohama, 2002) to World Congress III on Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (WCIII - Rio de Janeiro, 2008)1. It elucidates the good practices in the area of anti-human traffi cking in the country and also acknowledges the efforts of the government, civil society organizations, international, bilateral and multilateral agencies, survivor groups, as well as dedicated individuals in the country to combat this heinous crime. Finally, the document also explicates the processes through which prevention, protection and prosecution efforts, towards anti-human traffi cking, have evolved in India. The report will not only be a tool for presenting the anti-human traffi cking efforts in India at the World Congress III (Rio de Janeiro, November 2008), but also act as an advocacy document to identify and infl uence future programming. Details: New Delhi, India: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, 2008. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 15, 2019 at: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/India%20Country%20Report.pdf Year: 2008 Country: India URL: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/India%20Country%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 157008 Keywords: Child Sex Tourism Exploitation Forced Labor India Prostitution Sex Tourism Sex Trafficking Sex Work Trafficking in Persons